Methods and compositions for regulating bone and cartilage formation

ABSTRACT

The invention provides methods and compositions for diagnostic assays for detecting bone and cartilage formation and therapeutic methods and compositions for treating disease and disorders related to bone and cartilage formation or resorption, such as osteoporosis and bone fractions. The invention also provides therapeutic methods for diseases related to bone or cartilage formation or resorption. Methods for identifying therapeutics for such diseases are also provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 10/125,691, entitled “Methods and Compositions for Regulating Bone and Cartilage Formation”, filed Apr. 18, 2002, now abondaned which application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/284,786, filed on Apr. 18, 2001. The contents of both applications are specifically incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Bone formation is an essential process in embryonic development and plays a critical role in many diseases and conditions which affect millions of humans. For example, osteoporosis is a debilitating disease characterized by excessive bone loss that affects approximately 14 million Americans and costs the U.S. health care system nearly $10 billion annually. In about 40 percent of women and 13 percent of men over 50, osteoporosis is the underlying cause of most hip, spine, and wrist fractures. Recent studies estimate that as much as 70 percent of the variation in bone density is inherited. Bone density reaches adult levels at approximately 18–22 years of life and remains relatively stable until middle age. Loss of bone density in the elderly is the consequence of known factors such as menopause, inadequate nutrition, specific medical conditions, and unknown factors such as a person's genetic constitution. Physicians have very few available drugs to treat declining bone density and need drugs that will promote bone formation in patients.

Bone is continuously remodeled through a coupled process of bone resorption and bone formation. During bone resorption, osteoclasts attach to the mineralized bone matrix and excavate small pits on the bone surface, releasing bone collagen and minerals in the circulation. Subsequently, cross-linked N-telopeptides are released into the bloodstream during osteoclastic activity. During bone formation, osteoblasts are recruited to the newly resorbed areas on the bone where they deposit new collagen. When resorption and formation are in balance, there is no net change in bone mass. After a resting phase during which the bone is mineralized, the remodeling cycle begins again.

In addition to bone formation, another important role for osteoprogenitor cells is in vascular calcification (see, e.g. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens (2000) 9: 11–15). Calcification is a component of vascular disease that usually occurs in concert with atheroma formation but through distinct pathophysiological processes. Vessel wall osteoprogenitor cells known as calcifying vascular cells can form bone matrix proteins and calcified nodules, analogous to osteoblastic differentiation in bone. These cells have been isolated from the tunica media of bovine and human arteries, and both in-vitro tissue culture models and mouse models of vascular calcification have been established. Studies of the effects of diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, estrogens and glucocorticoids on calcifying vascular cell function provide insight into the relationship between common human disease states and vascular calcification.

While endochondral bone formation has been fairly well characterized from a morphological perspective, this process remains largely undefined at a gene transcriptional level. In vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) plays an important role in bone formation, however a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved would be useful to identify potential genetic targets for controlling bone formation. Accordingly, an understanding of the biochemical and molecular events underlying bone formation, and in particular the identity of the gene(s) expressed during bone and cartilage formation, would provide significant diagnostic and therapeutic applications for the treatment of diseases relating to bone and cartilage formation or resorption, such as osteoporosis, bone fractures and rheumatoid arthritis.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, the invention provides computer-readable media comprising a plurality of digitally encoded values representing the levels of expression of a plurality of genes listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7 during bone or cartilage formation. The computer-readable medium may comprise values representing levels of expression of at least 5 genes listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7. The computer-readable medium may comprise values representing levels of expression of CLF-1 and MMP23 during bone or cartilage formation. The computer-readable medium may comprise values representing levels of expression of a plurality of genes listed in Table 6. The computer-readable medium may further comprise at least one value representing a level of expression of at least one gene that is up-or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation in a precursor cell. In other embodiments, the computer-readable medium may comprise at least one value representing a level of expression of at least one gene that is up-or down-regulated during a particular stage of bone or cartilage formation. Further, the computer-readable medium may comprise values representing levels of expression of at least one of Cyr61, Col2a1, Runx2, and Ctsk during bone or cartilage formation. In certain embodiments, the computer-readable medium may comprise values representing levels of expression of a plurality of genes listed in Table 7. In still other embodiments, the computer-readable medium may comprise at least one value representing a level of expression of at least one gene that is co-regulated or functionally connected with a gene that is up-or down-regulated during a particular stage of bone or cartilage formation. The values on the computer-readable medium may represent ratios of, or differences between, a level of expression of a gene in one sample and the level of expression of the gene in another sample. In certain embodiments, less than about 50% of the values in the computer-readable medium represent expression levels of genes which are not listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7.

In another embodiment, the invention provides computer systems, comprising, e.g., a database comprising values representing expression levels of a plurality of genes listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7 during bone or cartilage formation; and, a processor having instructions to, receive at least one query value representing at least one level of expression of at least one gene listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7; and, compare the at least one query value and the at least one database value. The query value may represent the level of expression of a gene listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7 in a diseased cell of a subject having or susceptible of having a disease selected from the group consisting of osteodystrophy, osteohypertrophy, osteoblastoma, osteopertrusis, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteoporosis, osteopenia, osteoma and osteoblastoma; periondontal disease; hyperparathyroidism; hypercalcemia of malignancy; Paget's disease; osteolytic lesions produced by bone metastasis; bone loss due to immobilization or sex hormone deficiency; bone and cartilage loss caused by an inflammatory disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and bone fractures. Further, the query value may represent the level of expression of a gene listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7 in a precursor cell for which the stage of bone or cartilage formation is unknown.

The invention further provides computer programs for analyzing levels of expression of a plurality of genes listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7 in a cell, the computer program being disposed on a computer readable medium and including instructions for causing a processor to: receive query values representing levels of expression of a plurality of genes listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7 in a query cell, and, compare the query values with levels of expression of the plurality of genes listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7 in a reference cell.

Also provided by the invention are compositions comprising a plurality of detection agents of genes listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7, which detection agents are capable of detecting the expression of the genes or the polypeptides encoded by the genes, and wherein, e.g., less than about 50% of the detection agents are of genes which are not listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7. The composition may comprise detection agents of CLF-1 or MMP23. Other compositions comprise detection agents of Cyr61, Col2a1, Runx2, or Ctsk. Still other compositions comprise detection agents of genes having expression profiles similar to Cyr61, Col2a1, Runx2, or Ctsk. The detection agents may be isolated nucleic acids that hybridize specifically to nucleic acids corresponding to the genes, e.g., at least about 5, 10 or 100 genes of Table 6. Other compositions comprise a plurality of antagonists of a plurality of genes listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7, e.g., antisense nucleic acids, siRNAs, ribozymes or dominant negative mutants. Yet other compositions comprise a plurality of agonists of a plurality of genes listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7.

Also within the scope of the invention are solid surfaces to which are linked a plurality of detection agents of genes which are listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7, which detection agents are capable of detecting the expression of the genes or the polypeptides encoded by the genes, and wherein, e.g., less than about 50% of the detection agents are not detecting genes listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7. The detection agents may be isolated nucleic acids that hybridize specifically to the genes. The detection agents may be covalently linked to the solid surface.

Also provided are methods for determining the difference between levels of expression of a plurality of genes in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7 in a cell and reference levels of expression of the genes, comprising, e.g., providing RNA from the cell; determining levels of RNA of a plurality of genes listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7 to obtain the levels of expression of the plurality of genes in the cell; and comparing the levels of expression of the plurality of genes in the cell to a set of reference levels of expression of the genes, to thereby determine the difference between levels of expression of the plurality of genes listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7 in the cell and reference levels of expression of the genes. The set of reference levels of expression may include the levels of expression of the genes during bone or cartilage formation. The set of reference levels of expression may also include the levels of expression of the genes during a particular stage of bone or cartilage formation. The set of reference levels of expression may further include the levels of expression of the genes in a precursor cell. The set of reference levels of expression may further include the levels of expression of the genes during a stage of bone or cartilage formation in a precursor cell. The cell may be a cell of a subject having or susceptible of having a disease selected from the group consisting of osteodystrophy, osteohypertrophy, osteoblastoma, osteopertrusis, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteoporosis, osteopenia, osteoma and osteoblastoma; periondontal disease; hyperparathyroidism; hypercalcemia of malignancy; Paget's disease; osteolytic lesions produced by bone metastasis; bone loss due to immobilization or sex hormone deficiency; bone and cartilage loss caused by an inflammatory disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and bone fractures. The method may comprise incubating a nucleic acid sample derived from the RNA of the cell of the subject with nucleic acids corresponding to the genes, under conditions wherein two complementary nucleic acids hybridize to each other. The nucleic acids corresponding to the genes may be attached to a solid surface. The method may comprise entering the levels of expression of the plurality of genes into a computer that comprises a memory with values representing the set of reference levels of expression. Comparing the level may comprise providing to the computer instructions to perform.

In another embodiment, the invention provides methods for determining whether a subject has or is likely to develop a disease related to bone or cartilage resorption, comprising, e.g., obtaining a biological sample from the subject and comparing gene expression levels in the biological sample to those of a set of reference levels of expression during normal bone and cartilage formation, wherein significant differences in the levels of expression of the plurality of genes indicates that the subject has or is likely to develop a disease related to bone or cartilage resorption. The disease may be selected from the group consisting of osteoporosis, osteopenia, periondontal disease; osteolytic lesions produced by bone metastasis; bone loss due to immobilization or sex hormone deficiency; bone and cartilage loss caused by an inflammatory disease, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

In another embodiment, the invention provides methods for determining whether a subject has or is likely to develop a disease related to bone or cartilage formation, comprising, e.g., obtaining a biological sample from the subject and comparing gene expression levels in the biological sample to those of a set of reference levels of expression during normal bone and cartilage formation, wherein significant similarities in the levels of expression of the plurality of genes indicates that the subject has or is likely to develop a disease related to bone or cartilage formation. The disease may be selected from the group consisting of osteodystrophy, osteohypertrophy, osteoblastoma, osteopertrusis, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteoma and osteoblastoma, hyperparathyroidism; hypercalcemia of malignancy; and Paget's disease.

In yet another embodiment, the invention provides methods for determining the effectiveness of a treatment intended to stimulate bone or cartilage formation, comprising, e.g., obtaining a biological sample from the subject and comparing gene expression levels in the biological sample to those of a set of reference levels of expression during normal bone and cartilage formation, wherein significant similarities in the levels of expression of the plurality of genes indicates that the treatment is effective. The biological sample may be obtained from the healing region of a bone fracture and a similarity in levels of expression of the plurality of genes in the cell of the subject and the reference levels of expression indicates that the fracture is healing. The method may further comprise iteratively providing a biological sample from the subject, such as to determine an evolution of the levels of expression of the genes in the subject. The set of reference levels of expression may be in the form of a database. The database may be included in a computer-readable medium. The database may be in communications with a microprocessor and microprocessor instructions for providing a user interface to receive expression level data of a subject and to compare the expression level data with the database.

The invention also provides methods for determining the effectiveness of a treatment intended to reduce bone or cartilage formation, comprising, e.g., obtaining a biological sample from the subject and comparing gene expression levels in the biological sample to those of a set of reference levels of expression during normal bone and cartilage formation, wherein significant differences in the levels of expression of the plurality of genes indicates that the treatment is effective.

The methods of the invention may comprise obtaining a sample; identifying expression levels of a plurality of genes listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7 from the sample; determining whether the levels of expression of the genes in the patient sample are more similar to those of a cell differentiating into bone or cartilage or to those of a precursor cell; and transmitting the results. The results may be transmitted across a network.

The invention also provides methods for identifying a compound for treating a disease related to bone or cartilage formation, comprising, e.g., providing levels of expression of a plurality of genes listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7 in a cell of a subject incubated with a test compound; providing levels of expression of a cell differentiating into bone or cartilage; and comparing the two levels of expression, wherein significantly different levels of expression in the two cells indicates that the compound is likely to be effective for treating a disease related to bone or cartilage formation. Also provided are methods for identifying a compound for treating a disease related to bone or cartilage resorption, comprising, e.g., providing levels of expression of a plurality of genes listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7 in a cell of a subject incubated with a test compound; providing levels of expression of a cell differentiating into bone or cartilage; and comparing the two levels of expression, wherein significantly similar levels of expression in the two cells indicates that the compound is likely to be effective for treating a disease related to bone or cartilage formation.

In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a method for identifying a compound that modulates bone or cartilage formation, comprising, e.g., contacting a precursor cell with an agent that stimulates bone or cartilage formation and a test compound; and determining the level of expression of one or more genes of Tables 1, 2, 6 and 7 during the bone or cartilage formation; wherein a significant similarity or difference between the expression level of the genes in the cell and reference expression levels of the genes during bone or cartilage formation indicates that the test compound modulates bone or cartilage formation. The reference expression levels may be essentially identical to the levels set forth in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7. Other methods for identifying a compound that stimulates bone or cartilage formation, comprises, e.g., contacting a precursor cell with a test compound; and determining the level of expression of one or more genes of Tables 1, 2, 6 and 7 in the cell over time; wherein a similarity between the expression level of the genes in the cell and reference expression levels of the genes during bone or cartilage formation indicates that the test compound stimulates bone or cartilage formation. The reference expression levels may be levels set forth in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7.

Also provided are methods for identifying a compound that binds to a polypeptide encoded by a gene listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7, comprising, e.g., contacting a polypeptide encoded by a gene listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7 with a test compound under essentially physiological conditions; and determining whether the compound binds to the polypeptide. In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for identifying a compound that modulates a biological activity of a polypeptide encoded by a gene listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7, comprising, e.g., contacting a polypeptide encoded by a gene listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7 with a test compound under essentially physiological conditions; and determining the biological activity of the polypeptide, wherein a higher or lower biological activity of the polypeptide in the presence of the test compound relative to the absence of the test compound indicates that the test compound modulates the biological activity of the polypeptide. The gene may be CLF-1 or MMP23. Other methods for identifying a compound for treating a disease related to bone or cartilage formation or resorption, comprise, e.g., identifying a compound that modulates the activity of a polypeptide encoded by a gene listed in Table 1, 2, 6 or 7; and contacting a precursor cell with the compound in the presence or absence of an agent that stimulates the differentiation into bone or cartilage, wherein stimulation or inhibition of bone or cartilage formation from the cell indicates that the test compound is effective for treating a disease related to bone or cartilage formation or resorption.

The invention also provides methods of treatment, e.g., methods for treating a disease related to bone or cartilage formation or resorption, comprising administering to a subject having a disease related to bone or cartilage formation or resorption a compound that modulates the biological activity of a polypeptide encoded by a gene listed in Table 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7 and thereby modulates bone or cartilage formation, to thereby treat the disease in the subject.

Also within the scope of the invention are diagnostic or drug discovery kits, e.g., comprising a computer-readable medium, a composition a solid surface as described herein, and optionally instructions for use.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a time course for BMP-2 induction of cytokine receptor-like factor 1 expression (CLF-1) in a mouse model of ectopic bone formation.

FIG. 2 shows a time course for BMP-2 induction of matrix metalloproteinase 23 expression (MMP23) in a mouse model of ectopic bone formation.

FIG. 3 shows time-dependent changes in the expression of selected marker genes of endochondral bone formation. FIG. 3A shows changes in expression for Cyr61; FIG. 3B shows changes in expression for Col2al; FIG. 3C shows changes in expression for Runx2; and FIG. 3D shows changes in expression for Ctsk.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE TABLES

Table 1 lists genes on the U74 microarrays for which BMP-2 induced at least a two-fold increase in expression at any time point.

Table 2 lists genes on the U74 microarrays for which BMP-2 induced at least a two-fold decrease in expression at any time point.

Table 3 summarizes the cells stained with an antisense riboprobe for CLF-1 mRNA.

Table 4 summarizes the cells stained with an antisense riboprobe for MMP23 mRNA.

Table 5 lists genes, previously associated with bone or cartilage metabolism, on the Mu1a microarray for which BMP-2 induced at least a four-fold change in expression at any time point.

Table 6 lists genes, not associated with bone or cartilage metabolism, on the Mula microarray for which BMP-2 induced at least a four-fold change in expression at any time point.

Table 7 lists genes from Tables 5 and 6 whose expression profiles correlate with those of selected gene markers for processes contributing to bone formation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention is based at least in part on the identification of genes which are up- and down-regulated during bone and cartilage formation, in particular, during endochondral or ectopic bone formation. Genes which are modulated include cell surface proteins, cytokines, extracellular matrix proteins, extracellular proteins, intracellular proteins, proteases, receptors, signal transduction proteins and transcription factors. In these expression profiles, certain genes are significantly up-regulated, e.g., MMP23, CLF-1, cadherin 11, and CD68 antigen, and certain genes are significantly down-regulated, e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor B and fatty acid synthase, during differentiation. Tables 1 and 2 list genes which are modulated by a factor of at least about 2 and Tables 5 and 6 list genes which are modulated by a factor of at least about 4. Genes of particular interest are indicated in italics and in bold in the Tables.

Whereas some of the genes listed in the Tables may have been known to be potentially involved in bone and cartilage formation, many other genes listed in the Tables have never before been associated with these processes.

One of the genes not previously known to be associated with bone or cartilage formation that was found to be significantly up-regulated and then down-regulated during the mesenchymal cell differentiation into bone and cartilage is Cytokine Receptor-Like Factor 1 (CLF-1 or CRLF-1, as in Table 6) (see, FIG. 1). Its up-regulation during bone formation is shown in FIG. 1. The mouse CLF-1 gene (also known as CRLM3 mRNA for cytokine receptor like molecule 3) is transcribed into a 1646 bp mRNA (GenBank Accession No. AB040038) which encodes a mouse protein of 425 amino acids (GenBank Accession No. BAA92777). The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of human CLF-1 are set forth as GenBank Accession Nos. NM_(—)004750 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and NP_(—)004741 (SEQ ID NO: 2) (Elson et al. (1998) J. Immunol. 161:1371). Other human nucleotide sequences have GenBank Accession Nos. AX205046 and AF073515. Other human amino acid sequences include GenBank Accession No. AAD39681. The protein is secreted and dimerizes with cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLC) (Elson et al. (2000) Nature Neuroscience 3(9): 867–872). This heterodimer is also a cytokine (Elson, et al. Nature Neuroscience 3(9):867–872, 2000). The CLC/CLF-1 heterodimeric cytokine binds to ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor (CNTFR) (Elson, et al. Nature Neuroscience 3(9):867–872, 2000). Ligation of CNTFR activates STAT3 (Lelievre et al., J. Biol. Chem. 276(25):22476–22484, 2001). STAT3 activation is tied to the differentiation of a number of cell types such as osteoblasts and osteoclasts. CLF-1 plays a role in promoting the differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells towards either chondrocytes or osteoblasts.

Another gene that was not previously known to be associated with bone or catilage formation that found to be up- and then down-regulated during bone and cartilage formation is Matrix Metalloproteinse 23 (MMP23) (see FIG. 2). Its upregulation during bone development is set forth in FIG. 2. The gene is transcribed into a mRNA of 1434 base pairs (GenBank Accession No. AF085742), which encodes a protein of 391 amino acid (GenBank Accession No. AAC34886). The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of human MMP23 have GenBank Accession No. AJ005256 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and CAB38176 (SEQ ID NO: 4) (Velasco et al. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274:4570. The MMP23 protein is a secreted and also membrane bound protease. Unlike other MMPs it is secreted as an active protease. MMP23 plays a role in normal tissue remodeling (which is part of the bone formation) and in pathological erosion of extracellular matrix proteins (which is part of an arthritic disease).

In another aspect, the invention is based at least in part on the identification of genes which are up- and down-regulated during particular phases of bone and cartilage formation. Table 7 contains genes whose time-dependent expression profiles correlate with the profiles of four phenotypic markers (Cyr 61, Col2a1, Runx2, and Ctsk) of one or more phases of endochondral bone formation. Cyr61 is a member of the CCN family of growth factors and is believed to regulate the proliferation and differentiation of various connective tissue cell types. Col2a1, Runx2 and Ctsk are well-defined markers for chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts, respectively. Such genes may also be markers of bone formation phases, or have a functional connection to the markers with whose expression they correlate.

Although at least some of the genes listed in Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7 may not be human genes, corresponding human genes are available or can be obtained within undue experimentation by a person of skill in the art. Methods of the invention may use human or non-human genes, depending on the similarity between the two and the particular use of the genes. A person of skill in the art can determine whether a nucleic acid or protein of a human or non-human gene can be used.

1. Definitions:

As used herein, the following terms and phrases shall have the meanings set forth below. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

The phrase “a corresponding normal cell of” or “normal cell corresponding to” or “normal counterpart cell of” a diseased cell refers to a normal cell of the same type as that of the diseased cell.

The term “agonist,” as used herein, is meant to refer to an agent that mimics or upregulates (e.g., potentiates or supplements) the bioactivity of a protein. An agonist can be a wild-type protein or derivative thereof having at least one bioactivity of the wild-type protein. An agonist can also be a compound that upregulates expression of a gene or which increases at least one bioactivity of a protein. An agonist can also be a compound which increases the interaction of a polypeptide with another molecule, e.g., a target peptide or nucleic acid.

“Antagonist” as used herein is meant to refer to an agent that downregulates (e.g., suppresses or inhibits) at least one bioactivity of a protein. An antagonist can be a compound which inhibits or decreases the interaction between a protein and another molecule, e.g., a target peptide or enzyme substrate. An antagonist can also be a compound that down-regulates expression of a gene or which reduces the amount of expressed protein present.

By “array” or “matrix” is meant an arrangement of addressable locations or “addresses” on a device. The locations can be arranged in two dimensional arrays, three dimensional arrays, or other matrix formats. The number of locations can range from several to at least hundreds of thousands. Most importantly, each location represents a totally independent reaction site. A “nucleic acid array” refers to an array containing nucleic acid probes, such as oligonucleotides or larger portions of genes. The nucleic acid on the array is preferably single stranded. Arrays wherein the probes are oligonucleotides are referred to as “oligonucleotide arrays” or “oligonucleotide chips.” A “microarray,” also referred to herein as a “biochip” or “biological chip” is an array of regions having a density of discrete regions of at least about 100/cm², and preferably at least about 1000/cm². The regions in a microarray have typical dimensions, e.g., diameters, in the range of between about 10–250 μm, and are separated from other regions in the array by about the same distance.

The term “biological sample”, as used herein, refers to a sample obtained from a subject, e.g., a human or from components (e.g., tissues) of a subject. The sample may be of any biological tissue or fluid. Frequently the sample will be a “clinical sample” which is a sample derived from a patient. Such samples include, but are not limited to bodily fluids which may or may not contain cells, e.g., blood, synovial fluid; tissue or fine needle biopsy samples, such as from bone, cartilage or tissues containing mesenchymal cells. Biological samples may also include sections of tissues such as frozen sections taken for histological purposes.

The term “biomarker” of a disease related to bone or cartilage formation or resorption refers to a gene which is up- or down-regulated in a diseased cell of a subject having such a disease, relative to a counterpart normal cell, which gene is sufficiently specific to the diseased cell that it can be used, optionally with other genes, to identify or detect the disease. Generally, a biomarker is a gene that is characteristic of the disease.

“Bone formation” or “bone development” refers to ossification or osteogenesis, such as by endochondral bone formation or intramembraneous bone formation. In intramembraneous bone formation, osteogenesis occurs directly in the condensed mesenchymal cells. In endochondral ossification, mesenchymal cells first condense to form a cartilage model, and then bone formation occurs replacing the cartilage. Osteoprogenitor cells include mesenchymal and skeletal mesenchymal cells. Angiogenesis is part of bone formation. Thus, inhibiting or stimulating angiogenesis may inhibit or stimulate bone formation.

A “cell characteristic of a disease” also referred to as a “diseased cell” refers to a cell of a subject having a disease, which cell is affected by the disease, and is therefore different from the corresponding cell in a non-diseased subject. A diseased cell can also be a cell that is present in significantly higher or lower numbers in a subject having the disease relative to a healthy subject. For example a cell characteristic of cancer is a cancer cell or tumor cell. A diseased cell may also differ from a normal cell in its gene expression profile. A disease cell of a disease relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption can be a mesenchymal cell, a chondroblast, a chondrocyte, an osteoblast, an osteocyte, a fibroblast or other cells present in bone or cartilage or in bone or cartilage forming tissues.

A “cell sample characteristic of a disease” or a “tissue sample characteristic of a disease” refers to a sample of cells, such as a tissue, that contains at least one cell characteristic of the disease.

A “computer readable medium” is any medium that can be used to store data which can be accessed by a computer. Exemplary media include: magnetic storage media, such as a diskettes, hard drives, and magnetic tape; optical storage media such as CD-ROMs; electrical storage media such as RAM and ROM; and hybrids of these media, such as magnetic/optical storage medium.

The term “derivative” refers to the chemical modification of a compound, e.g., a polypeptide, or a polynucleotide. Chemical modifications of a polynucleotide can include, for example, replacement of hydrogen by an alkyl, acyl, or amino group. A derivative polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide which retains at least one biological or immunological function of the natural molecule. A derivative polypeptide can be one modified by glycosylation, pegylation, or any similar process that retains at least one biological or immunological function of the polypeptide from which it was derived.

A disease, disorder, or condition “associated with” or “characterized by” or “relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption” refers to a disease, condition or disorder involving cells that are associated with bone or cartilage formation or resorption. Exemplary diseases include osteodystrophy, osteohypertrophy, osteoblastoma, osteopertrusis, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteoporosis, osteopenia, osteoma and osteoblastoma; periondontal disease; hyperparathyroidism; hypercalcemia of malignancy; Paget's disease; osteolytic lesions produced by bone metastasis; bone loss due to immobilization or sex hormone deficiency; bone and cartilage loss cause by an inflammatory disease, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis; wound healing and related tissue repair (e.g., burns, incisions and ulcers) and bone fractures. A “disease relating to bone or cartilage formation” refers to a disease, disorder or condition that can be treated by inhibiting bone or cartilage formation. A “disease relating to bone or cartilage resorption” refers to a disease, disorder or condition that can be treated by stimulating bone or cartilage formation.

A “detection agent of a gene” refers to an agent that can be used to specifically detect a gene or other biological molecule relating to it, e.g., RNA transcribed from the gene and polypeptides encoded by the gene. Exemplary detection agents are nucleic acid probes which hybridize to nucleic acids corresponding to the gene, polypeptide probes, polypeptides, such asantibodies, and small molecules.

The term “equivalent” is understood to include nucleotide sequences encoding functionally equivalent polypeptides. Equivalent nucleotide sequences will include sequences that differ by one or more nucleotide substitutions, additions or deletions, such as allelic variants; and will, therefore, include sequences that differ from the nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acids referred to in Any of Tables 1–5 due to the degeneracy of the genetic code.

The term “expression profile,” which is used interchangeably herein with “gene expression profile,” “finger print” and “expression pattern” refers to a set of values representing the activity of about 10 or more genes. An expression profile preferably comprises values representing expression levels of at least about 20 genes, preferably at least about 30, 50, 100, 200 or more genes.

“Genes that are up- or down-regulated” in a particular process, e.g., bone and cartilage formation, refer to genes which are up- or down-regulated by, e.g., a factor of at least about 1.1 fold, 1.25 fold, 1.5 fold, 2 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold or more. Exemplary genes that are up- or down-regulated during bone and cartilage formation are set forth in Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7. “Genes that are up- or down-regulated in a disease” refer to the genes which are up- or down-regulated by, e.g., at least about 1.1 fold, 1.25 fold, 1.5 fold, 2 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold or more in at least about 50%, preferably 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of the patients having the disease.

“Hybridization” refers to any process by which a strand of nucleic acid binds with a complementary strand through base pairing. Two single-stranded nucleic acids “hybridize” when they form a double-stranded duplex. The region of double-strandedness can include the full-length of one or both of the single-stranded nucleic acids, or all of one single stranded nucleic acid and a subsequence of the other single stranded nucleic acid, or the region of double-strandedness can include a subsequence of each nucleic acid. Hybridization also includes the formation of duplexes which contain certain mismatches, provided that the two strands are still forming a double stranded helix. “Stringent hybridization conditions” refers to hybridization conditions resulting in essentially specific hybridization.

The term “isolated” as used herein with respect to nucleic acids, such as DNA or RNA, refers to molecules separated from other DNAs, or RNAs, respectively, that are present in the natural source of the macromolecule. The term isolated as used herein also refers to a nucleic acid or peptide that is substantially free of cellular material, viral material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. Moreover, an “isolated nucleic acid” is meant to include nucleic acid fragments which are not naturally occurring as fragments and would not be found in the natural state. The term “isolated” is also used herein to refer to polypeptides which are isolated from other cellular proteins and is meant to encompass both purified and recombinant polypeptides.

As used herein, the terms “label” and “detectable label” refer to a molecule capable of detection, including, but not limited to, radioactive isotopes, fluorophores, chemiluminescent moieties, enzymes, enzyme substrates, enzyme cofactors, enzyme inhibitors, dyes, metal ions, ligands (e.g., biotin or haptens) and the like. The term “fluorescer” refers to a substance or a portion thereof which is capable of exhibiting fluorescence in the detectable range. Particular examples of labels which may be used under the invention include fluorescein, rhodamine, dansyl, umbelliferone, Texas red, luminol, NADPH, alpha-beta-galactosidase and horseradish peroxidase.

The “level of expression of a gene” refers to the activity of a gene, which can be indicated by the level of mRNA, as well as pre-mRNA nascent transcript(s), transcript processing intermediates, mature mRNA(s) and degradation products, and polypeptides encoded by the gene. Accordingly, the level of expression of a gene also refers to the amount of polypeptide encoded by the gene.

The phrase “normalizing expression of a gene” in a diseased cell refers to an action to compensate for the altered expression of the gene in the diseased cell, so that it is essentially expressed at the same level as in the corresponding non diseased cell. For example, where the gene is over-expressed in the diseased cell, normalization of its expression in the diseased cell refers to treating the diseased cell in such a way that its expression becomes essentially the same as the expression in the counterpart normal cell. “Normalization” preferably brings the level of expression to within approximately a 50% difference in expression, more preferably to within approximately a 25%, and even more preferably 10% difference in expression. The required level of closeness in expression will depend on the particular gene, and can be determined as described herein. The phrase “normalizing gene expression in a diseased cell” refers to an action to normalize the expression of a substantial number of genes in the diseased cell.

As used herein, the term “nucleic acid” refers to polynucleotides such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and, where appropriate, ribonucleic acid (RNA). The term should also be understood to include, as equivalents, analogs of either RNA or DNA made from nucleotide analogs, and, as applicable to the embodiment being described, single (sense or antisense) and double-stranded polynucleotides. ESTs, chromosomes, cDNAs, mRNAs, and rRNAs are representative examples of molecules that may be referred to as nucleic acids.

The phrase “nucleic acid corresponding to a gene” refers to a nucleic acid that can be used for detecting the gene, e.g., a nucleic acid which is capable of hybridizing specifically to the gene.

The term “percent identical” refers to sequence identity between two amino acid sequences or between two nucleotide sequences. Identity can each be determined by comparing a position in each sequence which may be aligned for purposes of comparison. When an equivalent position in the compared sequences is occupied by the same base or amino acid, then the molecules are identical at that position; when the equivalent site occupied by the same or a similar amino acid residue (e.g., similar in steric and/or electronic nature), then the molecules can be referred to as homologous (similar) at that position. Expression as a percentage of homology, similarity, or identity refers to a function of the number of identical or similar amino acids at positions shared by the compared sequences. Various alignment algorithms and/or programs may be used, including FASTA, BLAST, or ENTREZ. FASTA and BLAST are available as a part of the GCG sequence analysis package (University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.), and can be used with, e.g., default settings. ENTREZ is available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. In one embodiment, the percent identity of two sequences can be determined by the GCG program with a gap weight of 1, e.g., each amino acid gap is weighted as if it were a single amino acid or nucleotide mismatch between the two sequences. Other techniques for alignment are described in Methods in Enzymology, vol. 266: Computer Methods for Macromolecular Sequence Analysis (1996), ed. Doolittle, Academic Press, Inc., a division of Harcourt Brace & Co., San Diego, Calif., USA. Preferably, an alignment program that permits gaps in the sequence is utilized to align the sequences. The Smith-Waterman is one type of algorithm that permits gaps in sequence alignments. See Meth. Mol. Biol. 70: 173–187 (1997). Also, the GAP program using the Needleman and Wunsch alignment method can be utilized to align sequences. An alternative search strategy uses MPSRCH software, which runs on a MASPAR computer. MPSRCH uses a Smith-Waterman algorithm to score sequences on a massively parallel computer. This approach improves ability to pick up distantly related matches, and is especially tolerant of small gaps and nucleotide sequence errors. Nucleic acid-encoded amino acid sequences can be used to search both protein and DNA databases. Databases with individual sequences are described in Methods in Enzymology, ed. Doolittle, supra. Databases include Genbank, EMBL, and DNA Database of Japan (DDBJ).

“Perfectly matched” in reference to a duplex means that the poly- or oligonucleotide strands making up the duplex form a double stranded structure with one other such that every nucleotide in each strand undergoes Watson-Crick basepairing with a nucleotide in the other strand. The term also comprehends the pairing of nucleoside analogs, such as deoxyinosine, nucleosides with 2-aminopurine bases, and the like, that may be employed. A mismatch in a duplex between a target polynucleotide and an oligonucleotide or olynucleotide means that a pair of nucleotides in the duplex fails to undergo Watson-Crick bonding. In reference to a triplex, the term means that the triplex consists of a perfectly matched duplex and a third strand in which every nucleotide undergoes Hoogsteen or reverse Hoogsteen association with a basepair of the perfectly matched duplex.

A “plurality” refers to two or more.

A “precursor cell”, or “progenitor cell”, refers to a cell that has the capacity to create progeny that are more differentiated than itself. For example, the term may refer to an undifferentiated cell or cell differentiated to an extent short of final differentiation which is capable of proliferation and giving rise to more progenitor cells having the ability to generate a large number of mother cells that can in turn give rise to differentiated, or differentiable daughter cells. In certain embodiments, the term progenitor cell refers to a generalized mother cell whose descendants (progeny) specialize, often in different directions, by differentiation, e.g., by acquiring completely individual characters, as occurs in progressive diversification of embryonic cells and tissues. Cellular differentiation is a complex process typically occurring through many cell divisions. A differentiated cell may derive from a multipotent cell which itself is derived from a multipotent cell, and so on. While each of these multipotent cells may be considered stem cells, the range of cell types each can give rise to may vary considerably. Some differentiated cells also have the capacity to give rise to cells of greater developmental potential. Such capacity may be natural or may be induced artificially upon treatment with various factors. By this definition, stem cells may also be progenitor cells, as well as the more immediate precursors to terminally differentiated cells. Exemplary precursor cells involved in bone and cartilage formation include osteoprogenitor cells such as for example mesenchymal precursors cells, osteoblasts, and chondroblasts. As used herein, a nucleic acid or other molecule attached to an array, is referred to as a “probe” or “capture probe.” When an array contains several probes corresponding to one gene, these probes are referred to as “gene-probe set.” A gene-probe set can consist of, e.g., 2 to 10 probes, preferably from 2 to 5 probes and most preferably about 5 probes.

A “significant similarity” between the level of expression of a gene in two cells or tissues generally refers to a difference in expression levels of a factor of at most about 10% (i.e., 1.1 fold), 25% (i.e., 1.25 fold), 50% (i.e., 1.5 fold), 75% (i.e., 1.75 fold), 90% (i.e., 1.9 fold), 2 fold, 2.5 fold, 3 fold, 5 fold, or 10 fold. Expression levels can be raw data or they can averaged or normalized data, e.g., normalized relative to normal controls. A “significant difference” between the level of expression of a gene in two cells or tissues generally refers to a difference in expression levels of a factor of at least about 10% (i.e., 1.1 fold), 25% (i.e., 1.25 fold), 50% (i.e., 1.5 fold), 75% (i.e., 1.75 fold), 90% (i.e., 1.9 fold), 2 fold, 2.5 fold, 3 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 50 fold or 100 fold. Whether the expression of a particular gene in two samples is significantly different or similar also depends on the gene itself and, e.g., its variability in expression between different individuals. It is within the skill in the art to determine whether expression levels are significantly similar or different.

An expression profile in one cell or tissue is “significantly similar” to an expression profile in another cell or tissue when the level of expression of the genes in the two expression profiles are sufficiently similar that the similarity is indicative of a common characteristic, e.g., being of the same cell type, or being characteristic of a disease. “Similarity” between an expression profile of a cell or tissue, e.g., of a subject, and a set of data representing an expression profile characteristic of a disease can be based on the presence or absence in the cell or tissue of certain RNAs and/or certain levels of certain RNAs of genes having a high probability of being associated with the disease. A high probability of being associated with a disease can be, e.g., the presence of RNA or of certain levels of RNA of particular genes which are over-expressed or under-expressed, in at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% of patients having the disease. A similarity with an expression profile of a patient can be based on higher or lower expression levels of a factor of at most about 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 1.5 fold, 2 fold, 2.5 fold, 3 fold, 5 fold or 10 fold of at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% of genes, or at least about 10, 50, 100, 200, 300 genes, that are up- or down-regulated in at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% of patients.

“Small molecule” as used herein, is meant to refer to a composition, which has a molecular weight of less than about 5 kD and most preferably less than about 4 kD. Small molecules can be nucleic acids, peptides, polypeptides, peptidomimetics, carbohydrates, lipids or other organic (carbon-containing) or inorganic molecules. Many pharmaceutical companies have extensive libraries of chemical and/or biological mixtures, often fungal, bacterial, or algal extracts, which can be screened with any of the assays of the invention to identify compounds that modulate a bioactivity.

The term “specific hybridization” of a probe to a target site of a template nucleic acid refers to hybridization of the probe predominantly to the target, such that the hybridization signal can be clearly interpreted. As further described herein, such conditions resulting in specific hybridization vary depending on the length of the region of homology, the GC content of the region, the melting temperature “Tm” of the hybrid. Hybridization conditions will thus vary in the salt content, acidity, and temperature of the hybridization solution and the washes.

A “subject” can be a mammal, e.g., a human, primate, ovine, bovine, porcine, equine, feline, canine and a rodent (rat or mouse).

The term “treating” a disease in a subject or “treating” a subject having a disease refers to providing the subject with a pharmaceutical treatment, e.g., the administration of a drug, such that at least one symptom of the disease is decreased. Treating a disease can be preventing the disease, improving the disease or curing the disease.

The phrase “value representing the level of expression of a gene” refers to a raw number which reflects the mRNA or polypeptide level of a particular gene in a cell or biological sample, e.g., obtained from analytical tools for measuring RNA or polypeptide levels.

A “variant” of a polypeptide refers to a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide, in which one or more amino acid residues are altered. The variant may have “conservative” changes, wherein a substituted amino acid has similar structural or chemical properties (e.g., replacement of leucine with isoleucine). More rarely, a variant may have “nonconservative” changes (e.g., replacement of glycine with tryptophan). Analogous minor variations may also include amino acid deletions or insertions, or both. Guidance in determining which amino acid residues may be substituted, inserted, or deleted without abolishing biological or immunological activity may be found using computer programs well known in the art, for example, LASERGENE software (DNASTAR). The term “variant,” when used in the context of a polynucleotide sequence, encompasses a polynucleotide sequence related to that of a gene of interest or the coding sequence thereof. This definition may also include, for example, “allelic,” “splice,” “species,” or “polymorphic” variants. A splice variant may have significant identity to a reference molecule, but will generally have a greater or lesser number of polynucleotides due to alternate splicing of exons during mRNA processing. The corresponding polypeptide may possess additional functional domains or an absence of domains. Species variants are polynucleotide sequences that vary from one species to another. The resulting polypeptides generally will have significant amino acid identity relative to each other. A polymorphic variant is a variation in the polynucleotide sequence of a particular gene between individuals of a given species. Polymorphic variants also may encompass “single nucleotide polymorphisms” (SNPs) in which the polynucleotide sequence varies by one base. The presence of SNPs may be indicative of, for example, a certain population, a disease state, or a propensity for a disease state.

2. Diagnostic and Prognostic Methods and Compositions

The invention provides gene expression profiles over time during bone formation, e.g., endochondral bone formation induced by BMP-2. Since these expression profiles are characteristic of bone and cartilage formation, measuring the level of expression or level of product of one or more genes identified in these expression profiles, e.g., genes set forth in Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7, during bone or cartilage formation is expected to reveal any abnormalities in these processes. Abnormalities can then be treated appropriately, such as described below.

Exemplary situations in which one may wish to monitor bone or cartilage formation or resorption include diseases relating to bone or cartilage formation or bone or cartilage resorption, such as osteodystrophy, osteohypertrophy, osteoblastoma, osteopertrusis, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteoporosis, osteopenia, osteoma and osteoblastoma; periondontal disease; hyperparathyroidism; hypercalcemia of malignancy; Paget's disease; osteolytic lesions produced by bone metastasis; bone loss due to immobilization or sex hormone deficiency; bone and cartilage loss cause by an inflammatory disease, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis; wound healing and related tissue repair (e.g., burns, incisions and ulcers) and bone fractures. Bone or cartilage formation or resoption can also be monitored during treatment of any of the above-mentioned diseases and any conditions in which bone or cartilage formation is induced, such as by therapeutics, e.g., bone morphogenetic proteins. Situations in which bone or cartilage formation may be induced include healing of fractures, e.g., in closed and open fracture reduction; improved fixation of artificial joints; repair of congenital, trauma induced, or oncologic resection induced craniofacial defects; tooth repair processes and plastic, e.g., cosmetic plastic, surgery.

Accordingly, the invention provides methods for diagnosing and monitoring the development of any disease relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption, such as the diseases set forth above. The methods of the invention also allow to distinguish one disease from another, where such distinction is not possible based on phenotypic or histologic examination.

In yet another embodiment, the methods of the invention allow the determination of the stage of a particular disease. For example, by knowing the level of expression of certain genes, the state of bone or cartilage development can be established.

The methods of the invention can also be used to monitor the treatment of a disease. Monitoring will reveal whether a subject is responsive to a treatment or whether the treatment should be modified.

Measuring the level of expression or the level of product of one or more genes described herein can also be used in prognostics, such as to determine whether a subject is likely to develop a disease relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption. For example a subject whose family is associated with such disorders can be monitored to determine whether he or she will develop such a disorder.

Another situation during which gene expression can be monitored is during in vitro bone or cartilage formation, e.g., induced by a bone morphogenetic protein. In vitro synthesized bone or cartilage can be used for implanting into subject in need thereof, such as subjects having suffered bone loss, e.g., resulting from cancer or osteoporosis.

In one embodiment, a sample is obtained from a subject, e.g., a human subject, and the level of expression of one or more genes, such as genes listed in any of Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7, is determined. The particular method used for obtaining a sample will depend on the site of the sample to be obtained. Samples can be obtained according to methods known in the art. As few as one cell may be sufficient for determining gene expression. In other embodiments, the presence of proteins is determined in a bodily fluid, e.g., blood or synovial fluid. Gene expression can be determined according to methods known in the art, such as reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); nucleic acid arrays; dotblots; and in situ hybridization, as further described herein. In other embodiments, the level of protein is measured, such as by immunohistochemistry, ELISA, or immunoprecipitation.

In certain embodiments, several samples are obtained consecutively, and a change of expression is monitored over time. For example, samples may be obtained about every 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 12, 24, 36 or 48 hours.

The level of expression of one or more genes in a sample can be compared to the level of expression of these genes in a control sample. A control sample may be obtained, e.g., from the same patient, but at a different site, or from a healthy subject. Alternatively, the level of expression of the genes in the sample is compared to values stored in a data-readable medium, such as the values set forth in Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7 or in FIG. 1 or 2 or 3. The comparison can be conducted visually, or via a computer.

The presence of a bone or cartilage related disease or a defect in the treatment of such a disease may be indicated by differences in the level of expression of one or more genes in a sample and in the control sample. The differences in gene expression may be a difference of a factor of at least about 50%; 2; 3; 5; 10; 20; 50; or 100 fold. In other embodiments, an abnormality is revealed by comparing the level of expression of one or more genes over time with their expression in a control or healthy subject.

The diagnostic and prognostic assays may indicate a defect in cartilage or bone formation or the existence of inefficient treatment of a disease or healing, e.g., bone fracture healing. The assays may thus be followed by a proper treatment or correction of treatment. Exemplary treatments are provided below. Generally, any therapeutic known to correct the diagnosed abnormality can be used. For example, defective bone or cartilage formation may be corrected by administration of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), e.g., BMP-2 or BMP-4. The nucleic acid sequence for human BMP-2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO:5, and the corresponding amino acid sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:6.

2.1. Use of Arrays for Determining the Level of Expression of Genes

Generally, determining expression profiles with arrays involves the following steps: (a) obtaining a mRNA sample from a subject and preparing labeled nucleic acids therefrom (the “target nucleic acids” or “targets”); (b) contacting the target nucleic acids with the array under conditions sufficient for target nucleic acids to bind with corresponding probes on the array, e.g. by hybridization or specific binding; (c) optionally removing unbound targets from the array; (d) detecting bound targets, and (e) analyzing the results. As used herein, “nucleic acid probes”, or “probes” are nucleic acids attached to the array, whereas “target nucleic acids” are nucleic acids that are hybridized to the array. Each of these steps is described in more detail below.

(i) Obtaining a mRNA Sample of a Subject

In one embodiment, one or more cells from the subject to be tested are obtained and RNA is isolated from the cells. In a preferred embodiment, a sample of bone, cartilage, mesenchymal cells, synovial fluid, synovium, tumor or other tissue likely to be affected by the disorder to be diagnosed or monitored, are obtained from the subject according to methods known in the art. Cells from which expression levels may be obtained include macrophages, fibroblasts, chondrocyte-like cells, chondrocytes, chondroblasts, bone marrow cells, osteoblast, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteogenic precursor cells, e.g., mesenchymal cells. When obtaining the cells, it is preferable to obtain a sample containing predominantly cells of the desired type, e.g., a sample of cells in which at least about 50%, preferably at least about 60%, even more preferably at least about 70%, 80% and even more preferably, at least about 90% of the cells are of the desired type. A higher percentage of cells of the desired type is preferable, since such a sample is more likely to provide clear gene expression data.

It is also possible to obtain a cell sample from a subject, and then to enrich it for a desired cell type. Cells can also be isolated from other cells using a variety of techniques, such as isolation with an antibody binding to an epitope on the cell surface of the desired cell type. Another method that can be used includes negative selection using antibodies to cell surface markers to selectively enrich for a specific cell type without activating the cell by receptor engagement. Where the desired cells are in a solid tissue, particular cells can be dissected out, e.g., by microdissection. Exemplary cells that one may want to enrich for include mesenchymal cells, such as muscular mesenchymal cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, chondroblasts, chondrocytes, tumor cells and other bone or cartilage cells.

In one embodiment, RNA is obtained from a single cell. For example, a cell can be isolated from a tissue sample by laser capture microdissection (LCM). Using this technique, a cell can be isolated from a tissue section, including a stained tissue section, thereby assuring that the desired cell is isolated (see, e.g., Bonner et al. (1997) Science 278: 1481; Emmert-Buck et al. (1996) Science 274:998; Fend et al. (1999) Am. J. Path. 154: 61 and Murakami et al. (2000) Kidney Int. 58:1346). For example, Murakami et al., supra, describe isolation of a cell from a previously immunostained tissue section.

It is also be possible to obtain cells from a subject and culture the cells in vitro, such as to obtain a larger population of cells from which RNA can be extracted. Methods for establishing cultures of non-transformed cells, i.e., primary cell cultures, are known in the art.

When isolating RNA from tissue samples or cells from individuals, it may be important to prevent any further changes in gene expression after the tissue or cells has been removed from the subject. Changes in expression levels are known to change rapidly following perturbations, e.g., heat shock or activation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or other reagents. In addition, the RNA in the tissue and cells may quickly become degraded. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, the tissue or cells obtained from a subject is snap frozen as soon as possible.

RNA can be extracted from the tissue sample by a variety of methods, e.g., those described in the Examples or guanidium thiocyanate lysis followed by CsCl centrifugation (Chirgwin et al., 1979, Biochemistry 18:5294–5299). RNA from single cells can be obtained as described in methods for preparing cDNA libraries from single cells, such as those described in Dulac, C. (1998) Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 36, 245 and Jena et al. (1996) J. Immunol. Methods 190:199. Care to avoid RNA degradation must be taken, e.g., by inclusion of RNAsin.

The RNA sample can then be enriched in particular species. In one embodiment, poly(A)+ RNA is isolated from the RNA sample. In general, such purification takes advantage of the poly-A tails on mRNA. In particular and as noted above, poly-T oligonucleotides may be immobilized on a solid support to serve as affinity ligands for mRNA. Kits for this purpose are commercially available, e.g., the MessageMaker kit (Life Technologies, Grand Island, N.Y.).

In a preferred embodiment, the RNA population is enriched in sequences of interest, such as those of genes listed in Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7. Enrichment can be undertaken, e.g., by primer-specific cDNA synthesis, or multiple rounds of linear amplification based on cDNA synthesis and template-directed in vitro transcription (see, e.g., Wang et al. (1989) PNAS 86, 9717; Dulac et al., supra, and Jena et al., supra).

The population of RNA, enriched or not in particular species or sequences, can further be amplified. Such amplification is particularly important when using RNA from a single or a few cells. A variety of amplification methods are suitable for use in the methods of the invention, including, e.g., PCR; ligase chain reaction (LCR) (See, e.g., Wu and Wallace, Genomics 4, 560 (1989), Landegren et al., Science 241, 1077 (1988)); self-sustained sequence replication (SSR) (see, e.g., Guatelli et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 1874 (1990)); nucleic acid based sequence amplification (NASBA) and transcription amplification (see, e.g., Kwoh et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 1173 (1989)). For PCR technology, see, e.g., PCR Technology: Principles and Applications for DNA Amplification (ed. H. A. Erlich, Freeman Press, N.Y., N.Y., 1992); PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and applications (eds. Innis, et al., Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., 1990); Mattila et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 4967 (1991); Eckert et al., PCR Methods and Applications 1, 17 (1991); PCR (eds. McPherson et al., IRL Press, Oxford); and U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202. Methods of amplification are described, e.g., in Ohyama et al. (2000) BioTechniques 29:530; Luo et al. (1999) Nat. Med. 5, 117; Hegde et al. (2000) BioTechniques 29:548; Kacharmina et al. (1999) Meth. Enzymol. 303:3; Livesey et al. (2000) Curr. Biol. 10:301; Spirin et al. (1999) Invest. Ophtalmol. Vis. Sci. 40:3108; and Sakai et al. (2000) Anal. Biochem. 287:32. RNA amplification and cDNA synthesis can also be conducted in cells in situ (see, e.g., Eberwine et al. (1992) PNAS 89:3010).

One of skill in the art will appreciate that whatever amplification method is used, if a quantitative result is desired, care must be taken to use a method that maintains or controls for the relative frequencies of the amplified nucleic acids to achieve quantitative amplification. Methods of “quantitative” amplification are well known to those of skill in the art. For example, quantitative PCR involves simultaneously co-amplifying a known quantity of a control sequence using the same primers. This provides an internal standard that may be used to calibrate the PCR reaction. A high density array may then include probes specific to the internal standard for quantification of the amplified nucleic acid.

One preferred internal standard is a synthetic AW106 cRNA. The AW106 ERNA is combined with RNA isolated from the sample according to standard techniques known to those of skilled in the art. The RNA is then reverse transcribed using a reverse transcriptase to provide copy DNA. The cDNA sequences are then amplified (e.g., by PCR) using labeled primers. The amplification products are separated, typically by electrophoresis, and the amount of radioactivity (proportional to the amount of amplified product) is determined. The amount of mRNA in the sample is then calculated by comparison with the signal produced by the known AW106 RNA standard. Detailed protocols for quantitative PCR are provided in PCR Protocols, A Guide to Methods and Applications, Innis et al., Academic Press, Inc. N.Y., (1990).

In a preferred embodiment, a sample mRNA is reverse transcribed with a reverse transcriptase and a primer consisting of oligo(dT) and a sequence encoding the phage T7 promoter to provide single stranded DNA template. The second DNA strand is polymerized using a DNA polymerase. After synthesis of double-stranded cDNA, T7 RNA polymerase is added and RNA is transcribed from the cDNA template. Successive rounds of transcription from each single cDNA template results in amplified RNA. Methods of in vitro polymerization are well known to those of skill in the art (See, e.g., Sambrook, (supra) and this particular method is described in detail by Van Gelder, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87: 1663–1667 (1990) who demonstrate that in vitro amplification according to this method preserves the relative frequencies of the various RNA transcripts). Moreover, Eberwine et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89: 3010–3014 provide a protocol that uses two rounds of amplification via in vitro transcription to achieve greater than 106 fold amplification of the original starting material, thereby permitting expression monitoring even where biological samples are limited.

It will be appreciated by one of skill in the art that the direct transcription method described above provides an antisense (aRNA) pool. Where antisense RNA is used as the target nucleic acid, the oligonucleotide probes provided in the array are chosen to be complementary to subsequences of the antisense nucleic acids. Conversely, where the target nucleic acid pool is a pool of sense nucleic acids, the oligonucleotide probes are selected to be complementary to subsequences of the sense nucleic acids. Finally, where the nucleic acid pool is double stranded, the probes may be of either sense as the target nucleic acids include both sense and antisense strands.

(ii) Labeling of the Nucleic Acids to be Analyzed

Generally, the target molecules will be labeled to permit detection of hybridization of target molecules to a microarray. By “labeled” is meant that the probe comprises a member of a signal producing system and is thus detectable, either directly or through combined action with one or more additional members of a signal producing system. Examples of directly detectable labels include isotopic and fluorescent moieties incorporated into, usually covalently bonded to, a moiety of the probe, such as a nucleotide monomeric unit, e.g. dNMP of the primer, or a photoactive or chemically active derivative of a detectable label which can be bound to a functional moiety of the probe molecule.

Nucleic acids can be labeled after or during enrichment and/or amplification of RNAs. For example, labeled cDNA can be prepared from mRNA by oligo dT-primed or random-primed reverse transcription, both of which are well known in the art (see, e.g., Klug and Berger, 1987, Methods Enzymol. 152:316–325). Reverse transcription may be carried out in the presence of a dNTP conjugated to a detectable label, most preferably a fluorescently labeled dNTP. Alternatively, isolated mRNA can be converted to labeled antisense RNA synthesized by in vitro transcription of double-stranded cDNA in the presence of labeled dNTPs (Lockhart et al., 1996, Expression monitoring by hybridization to high-density oligonucleotide arrays, Nature Biotech. 14:1675). In alternative embodiments, the cDNA or RNA probe can be synthesized in the absence of detectable label and may be labeled subsequently, e.g., by incorporating biotinylated dNTPs or rNTP, or some similar means (e.g., photo-cross-linking a psoralen derivative of biotin to RNAs), followed by addition of labeled streptavidin (e.g., phycoerythrin-conjugated streptavidin) or the equivalent.

In one embodiment, labeled cDNA is synthesized by incubating a mixture containing RNA and 0.5 mM dGTP, dATP and dCTP plus 0.1 mM dTTP plus fluorescent deoxyribonucleotides (e.g., 0.1 mM Rhodamine 110 UTP (Perken Elmer Cetus) or 0.1 mM Cy3 dUTP (Amersham)) with reverse transcriptase (e.g., SuperScript.™0.11, LTI Inc.) at 42° C. for 60 min.

Fluorescent moieties or labels of interest include coumarin and its derivatives, e.g. 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin, aminocoumarin, bodipy dyes, such as Bodipy FL, cascade blue, fluorescein and its derivatives, e.g. fluorescein isothiocyanate, Oregon green, rhodamine dyes, e.g. Texas red, tetramethylrhodamine, eosins and erythrosins, cyanine dyes, e.g. Cy2, Cy3, Cy3.5, Cy5, Cy5.5, Cy7, Fluor X, macrocyclic chelates of lanthanide ions, e.g. quantum dye™, fluorescent energy transfer dyes, such as thiazole orange-ethidium heterodimer, TOTAB, dansyl, etc. Individual fluorescent compounds which have functionalities for linking to an element desirably detected in an apparatus or assay of the invention, or which can be modified to incorporate such functionalities include, e.g., dansyl chloride; fluoresceins such as 3,6-dihydroxy-9-phenylxanthydrol; rhodamineisothiocyanate; N-phenyl 1-amino-8-sulfonatonaphthalene; N-phenyl 2-amino-6-sulfonatonaphthalene; 4-acetamido-4-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid; pyrene-3-sulfonic acid; 2-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulfonate; Nphenyl-N-methyl-2-aminoaphthalene-6-sulfonate; ethidium bromide; stebrine; auromine-0,2-(9′-anthroyl)palmitate; dansyl phosphatidylethanolamine; N,N′-dioctadecyl oxacarbocyanine: N,N′-dihexyl oxacarbocyanine; merocyanine, 4-(3′-pyrenyl)stearate; d-3-aminodesoxy-equilenin; 12-(9′-anthroyl)stearate; 2-methylanthracene; 9-vinylanthracene; 2,2′(vinylene-p-phenylene)bisbenzoxazole; p-bis(2--methyl-5-phenyl-oxazolyl))benzene; 6-dimethylamino-1,2-benzophenazin; retinol; bis(3′-aminopyridinium) 1,10-decandiyl dilodide; sulfonaphthylhydrazone of hellibrienin; chlorotetracycline; N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methyl-2-oxo-3-chromenyl)maleimide; N-(p-(2benzimidazolyl)-phenyl)maleimide; N-(4-fluoranthyl)maleimide; bis(homovanillic acid); resazarin; 4-chloro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzooxadiazole; merocyanine 540; resorufin; rose bengal; and 2,4-diphenyl-3(2H)-furanone. (see, e.g., Kricka, 1992, Nonisotopic DNA Probe Techniques, Academic Press San Diego, Calif.). Many fluorescent tags are commercially available from SIGMA chemical company (Saint Louis, Mo.), Amersham, Molecular Probes, R&D systems (Minneapolis, Minn.), Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology (Piscataway, N.J.), CLONTECH Laboratories, Inc. (Palo Alto, Calif.), Chem Genes Corp., Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, Wis.), Glen Research, Inc., GIBCO BRL Life Technologies, Inc. (Gaithersberg, Md.), Fluka Chemica-Biochemika Analytika (Fluka Chemie AG, Buchs, Switzerland), and Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.) as well as other commercial sources known to one of skill.

Chemiluminescent labels include luciferin and 2,3-dihydrophthalazinediones, e.g., luminol.

Isotopic moieties or labels of interest include ³²P, ³³P, ³⁵S, ¹²⁵I, ²H, ¹⁴C, and the like (see Zhao et al., 1995, High density cDNA filter analysis: a novel approach for large-scale, quantitative analysis of gene expression, Gene 156:207; Pietu et al., 1996, Novel gene transcripts preferentially expressed in human muscles revealed by quantitative hybridization of a high density cDNA array, Genome Res. 6:492).

Labels may also be members of a signal producing system that act in concert with one or more additional members of the same system to provide a detectable signal. Illustrative of such labels are members of a specific binding pair, such as ligands, e.g. biotin, fluorescein, digoxigenin, antigen, polyvalent cations, chelator groups and the like, where the members specifically bind to additional members of the signal producing system, where the additional members provide a detectable signal either directly or indirectly, e.g. antibody conjugated to a fluorescent moiety or an enzymatic moiety capable of converting a substrate to a chromogenic product, e.g. alkaline phosphatase conjugate antibody and the like.

Additional labels of interest include those that provide for signal only when the probe with which they are associated is specifically bound to a target molecule, where such labels include: “molecular beacons” as described in Tyagi & Kramer, Nature Biotechnology (1996) 14:303 and EP 0 070 685 B1. Other labels of interest include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,037; WO 97/17471 and WO 97/17076.

In some cases, hybridized target nucleic acids may be labeled following hybridization. For example, where biotin labeled dNTPs are used in, e.g., amplification or transcription, streptavidin linked reporter groups may be used to label hybridized complexes.

In other embodiments, the target nucleic acid is not labeled. In this case, hybridization can be determined, e.g., by plasmon resonance, as described, e.g., in Thiel et al. (1997) Anal. Chem. 69:4948.

In one embodiment, a plurality (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5 or more) of sets of target nucleic acids are labeled and used in one hybridization reaction (“multiplex” analysis). For example, one set of nucleic acids may correspond to RNA from one cell or tissue sample and another set of nucleic acids may correspond to RNA from another cell or tissue sample. The plurality of sets of nucleic acids can be labeled with different labels, e.g., different fluorescent labels which have distinct emission spectra so that they can be distinguished. The sets can then be mixed and hybridized simultaneously to one microarray.

For example, the two different cells can be a cell of a subject suspected of having a disease related to bone or cartilage formation or resoprtion and a counterpart normal cell. In another embodiment, e.g., for identifying drugs modulating bone formation, one biological sample contains cells that were exposed to a drug and the other biological sample contains cells that were not exposed to the drug. The cDNA derived from each of the two cell types are differently labeled so that they can be distinguished. In one embodiment, for example, cDNA from one sample is synthesized using a fluorescein-labeled dNTP, and cDNA from the second sample is synthesized using a rhodamine-labeled dNTP. When the two cDNAs are mixed and hybridized to the microarray, the relative intensity of signal from each cDNA set is determined for each site on the array, and any relative difference in abundance of a particular mRNA detected.

In the example described above, the cDNA from one sample will fluoresce green when the fluorophore is stimulated and the cDNA from the second sample will fluoresce red. As a result, if the two cells are essentially the same, the particular mRNA will be equally prevalent in both cells and, upon reverse transcription, red-labeled and green-labeled cDNA will be equally prevalent. When hybridized to the microarray, the binding site(s) for that species of RNA will emit wavelengths characteristic of both fluorophores (and appear brown in combination). In contrast, if the two cells are different, the ratio of green to red fluorescence will be different.

The use of a two-color fluorescence labeling and detection scheme to define alterations in gene expression has been described, e.g., in Shena et al., 1995, Quantitative monitoring of gene expression patterns with a complementary DNA microarray, Science 270:467–470. An advantage of using cDNA labeled with two different fluorophores is that a direct and internally controlled comparison of the mRNA levels corresponding to each arrayed gene in two cell states can be made, and variations due to minor differences in experimental conditions (e.g, hybridization conditions) will not affect subsequent analyses.

Examples of distinguishable labels for use when hybridizing a plurality of target nucleic acids to one array are well known in the art and include: two or more different emission wavelength fluorescent dyes, like Cy3 and Cy5, combination of fluorescent proteins and dyes, like phicoerythrin and Cy5, two or more isotopes with different energy of emission, like ³²P and ³³P, gold or silver particles with different scattering spectra, labels which generate signals under different treatment conditions, like temperature, pH, treatment by additional chemical agents, etc., or generate signals at different time points after treatment. Using one or more enzymes for signal generation allows for the use of an even greater variety of distinguishable labels, based on different substrate specificity of enzymes (alkaline phosphatase/peroxidase).

Further, it is preferable in order to reduce experimental error to reverse the fluorescent labels in two-color differential hybridization experiments to reduce biases peculiar to individual genes or array spot locations. In other words, it is preferable to first measure gene expression with one labeling (e.g., labeling nucleic acid froma first cell with a first fluorochrome and nucleic acid from a second cell with a second fluorochrome) of the mRNA from the two cells being measured, and then to measure gene expression from the two cells with reversed labeling (e.g., labeling nucleic acid from the first cell with the second fluorochrome and nucleic acid from the second cell with the first fluorochrome). Multiple measurements over exposure levels and perturbation control parameter levels provide additional experimental error control.

The quality of labeled nucleic acids can be evaluated prior to hybridization to an array. For example, a sample of the labeled nucleic acids can be hybridized to probes derived from the 5′, middle and 3′ portions of genes known to be or suspected to be present in the nucleic acid sample. This will be indicative as to whether the labeled nucleic acids are full length nucleic acids or whether they are degraded. In one embodiment, the GeneChip® Test3 Array from Affymetrix (Santa Clara, Calif.) can be used for that purpose. This array contains probes representing a subset of characterized genes from several organisms including mammals. Thus, the quality of a labeled nucleic acid sample can be determined by hybridization of a fraction of the sample to an array, such as the GeneChip® Test3 Array from Affymetrix (Santa Clara, Calif.).

(iii) Exemplary Arrays

Preferred arrays, e.g., microarrays, for use according to the invention include one or more probes of genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation, such as one or more genes listed in any of Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7. The array may comprise probes corresponding to at least 10, preferably at least 20, at least 50, at least 100 or at least 1000 genes. The array may comprise probes corresponding to about 10%, 20%, 50%, 70%, 90% or 95% of the genes listed in any of Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7. The array may comprise probes corresponding to about 10%, 20%, 50%, 70%, 90% or 95% of the genes listed in any of Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7 whose expression increases or decreases at least about 2 fold, preferably at least about 3 fold, more preferably at least about 4 fold, 5 fold, 7 fold and most preferably at least about 10 fold during bone or cartilage formation. One array that can be used is the array used and described in the Examples.

There can be one or more than one probe corresponding to each gene on a microarray. For example, a microarray may contain from 2 to 20 probes corresponding to one gene and preferably about 5 to 10. The probes may correspond to the full length RNA sequence or complement thereof of genes that are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation, or they may correspond to a portion thereof, which portion is of sufficient length for permitting specific hybridization. Such probes may comprise from about 50 nucleotides to about 100, 200, 500, or 1000 nucleotides or more than 1000 nucleotides. As further described herein, microarrays may contain oligonucleotide probes, consisting of about 10 to 50 nucleotides, preferably about 15 to 30 nucleotides and even more preferably 20–25 nucleotides. The probes are preferably single stranded. The probe will have sufficient complementarity to its target to provide for the desired level of sequence specific hybridization (see below).

Typically, the arrays used in the present invention will have a site density of greater than 100 different probes per cm². Preferably, the arrays will have a site density of greater than 500/cm², more preferably greater than about 1000/cm², and most preferably, greater than about 10,000/cm². Preferably, the arrays will have more than 100 different probes on a single substrate, more preferably greater than about 1000 different probes still more preferably, greater than about 10,000 different probes and most preferably, greater than 100,000 different probes on a single substrate.

Microarrays can be prepared by methods known in the art, as described below, or they can be custom made by companies, e.g., Affymetrix (Santa Clara, Calif.).

Generally, two types of microarrays can be used. These two types are referred to as “synthesis” and “delivery.” In the synthesis type, a microarray is prepared in a step-wise fashion by the in situ synthesis of nucleic acids from nucleotides. With each round of synthesis, nucleotides are added to growing chains until the desired length is achieved. In the delivery type of microarray, preprepared nucleic acids are deposited onto known locations using a variety of delivery technologies. Numerous articles describe the different microarray technologies, e.g., Shena et al. (1998) Tibtech 16: 301; Duggan et al. (1999) Nat. Genet. 21:10; Bowtell et al. (1999) Nat. Genet. 21: 25.

One novel synthesis technology is that developed by Affymetrix (Santa Clara, Calif.), which combines photolithography technology with DNA synthetic chemistry to enable high density oligonucleotide microarray manufacture. Such chips contain up to 400,000 groups of oligonucleotides in an area of about 1.6 cm². Oligonucleotides are anchored at the 3′ end thereby maximizing the availability of single-stranded nucleic acid for hybridization. Generally such chips, referred to as “GeneChipso®” contain several oligonucleotides of a particular gene, e.g., between 15–20, such as 16 oligonucleotides. Since Affymetrix (Santa Clara, Calif.) sells custom made microarrays, microarrays containing genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone formation can be ordered for purchase from Affymetrix (Santa Clara, Calif.).

Microarrays can also be prepared by mechanical microspotting, e.g., those commercialized at Synteni (Fremont, Calif.). According to these methods, small quantities of nucleic acids are printed onto solid surfaces. Microspotted arrays prepared at Synteni contain as many as 10,000 groups of cDNA in an area of about 3.6 cm².

A third group of microarray technologies consist in the “drop-on-demand” delivery approaches, the most advanced of which are the ink-jetting technologies, which utilize piezoelectric and other forms of propulsion to transfer nucleic acids from miniature nozzles to solid surfaces. Inkjet technologies is developed at several centers including Incyte Pharmaceuticals (Palo Alto, Calif.) and Protogene (Palo Alto, Calif.). This technology results in a density of 10,000 spots per cm². See also, Hughes et al. (2001) Nat. Biotechn. 19:342.

Arrays preferably include control and reference nucleic acids. Control nucleic acids are nucleic acids which serve to indicate that the hybridization was effective. For example, all Affymetrix (Santa Clara, Calif.) expression arrays contain sets of probes for several prokaryotic genes, e.g., bioB, bioC and bioD from biotin synthesis of E. coli and cre from P1 bacteriophage. Hybridization to these arrays is conducted in the presence of a mixture of these genes or portions thereof, such as the mix provided by Affymetrix (Santa Clara, Calif.) to that effect (Part Number 900299), to thereby confirm that the hybridization was effective. Control nucleic acids included with the target nucleic acids can also be mRNA synthesized from cDNA clones by in vitro transcription. Other control genes that may be included in arrays are polyA controls, such as dap, lys, phe, thr, and trp (which are included on Affymetrix GeneChips®)

Reference nucleic acids allow the normalization of results from one experiment to another, and to compare multiple experiments on a quantitative level. Exemplary reference nucleic acids include housekeeping genes of known expression levels, e.g., GAPDH, hexokinase and actin.

Mismatch controls may also be provided for the probes to the target genes, for expression level controls or for normalization controls. Mismatch controls are oligonucleotide probes or other nucleic acid probes identical to their corresponding test or control probes except for the presence of one or more mismatched bases.

Arrays may also contain probes that hybridize to more than one allele of a gene. For example the array can contain one probe that recognizes allele 1 and another probe that recognizes allele 2 of a particular gene.

Microarrays can be prepared as follows. In one embodiment, an array of oligonucleotides is synthesized on a solid support. Exemplary solid supports include glass, plastics, polymers, metals, metalloids, ceramics, organics, etc. Using chip masking technologies and photoprotective chemistry it is possible to generate ordered arrays of nucleic acid probes. These arrays, which are known, e.g., as “DNA chips,” or as very large scale immobilized polymer arrays (“VLSIPS™” arrays) can include millions of defined probe regions on a substrate having an area of about 1 cm² to several cm², thereby incorporating sets of from a few to millions of probes (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,734).

The construction of solid phase nucleic acid arrays to detect target nucleic acids is well described in the literature. See, Fodor et al. (1991) Science, 251: 767–777; Sheldon et al. (1993) Clinical Chemistry 39(4): 718–719; Kozal et al. (1996) Nature Medicine 2(7): 753–759 and Hubbell U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,639; Pinkel et al. PCT/US95/16155 (WO 96/17958); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,677,195; 5,624,711; 5,599,695; 5,451,683; 5,424,186; 5,412,087; 5,384,261; 5,252,743 and 5,143,854; PCT Patent Publication Nos. 92/10092 and 93/09668; and PCT WO 97/10365. In brief, a combinatorial strategy allows for the synthesis of arrays containing a large number of probes using a minimal number of synthetic steps. For instance, it is possible to synthesize and attach all possible DNA 8 mer oligonucleotides (48, or 65,536 possible combinations) using only 32 chemical synthetic steps. In general, VLSIPS™ procedures provide a method of producing 4n different oligonucleotide probes on an array using only 4n synthetic steps (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,734 5,143,854 and PCT Patent Publication Nos. WO 90/15070; WO 95/11995 and WO 92/10092).

Light-directed combinatorial synthesis of oligonucleotide arrays on a glass surface can be performed with automated phosphoramidite chemistry and chip masking techniques similar to photoresist technologies in the computer chip industry. Typically, a glass surface is derivatized with a silane reagent containing a functional group, e.g., a hydroxyl or amine group blocked by a photolabile protecting group. Photolysis through a photolithogaphic mask is used selectively to expose functional groups which are then ready to react with incoming 5′-photoprotected nucleoside phosphoramidites. The phosphoramidites react only with those sites which are illuminated (and thus exposed by removal of the photolabile blocking group). Thus, the phosphoramidites only add to those areas selectively exposed from the preceding step. These steps are repeated until the desired array of sequences have been synthesized on the solid surface.

Algorithms for design of masks to reduce the number of synthesis cycles are described by Hubbel et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,639 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,839. A computer system may be used to select nucleic acid probes on the substrate and design the layout of the array as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,639.

Another method for synthesizing high density arrays is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,083,697. This method utilizes a novel chemical amplification process using a catalyst system which is initiated by radiation to assist in the synthesis the polymer sequences. Such methods include the use of photosensitive compounds which act as catalysts to chemically alter the synthesis intermediates in a manner to promote formation of polymer sequences. Such photosensitive compounds include what are generally referred to as radiation-activated catalysts (RACs), and more specifically photo activated catalysts (PACs). The RACs can by themselves chemically alter the synthesis intermediate or they can activate an autocatalytic compound which chemically alters the synthesis intermediate in a manner to allow the synthesis intermediate to chemically combine with a later added synthesis intermediate or other compound.

Arrays can also be synthesized in a combinatorial fashion by delivering monomers to cells of a support by mechanically constrained flowpaths. See Winkler et al., EP 624,059. Arrays can also be synthesized by spotting monomers reagents on to a support using an ink jet printer. See id. and Pease et al., EP 728,520.

cDNA probes can be prepared according to methods known in the art and further described herein, e.g., reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) of RNA using sequence specific primers. Oligonucleotide probes can be synthesized chemically. Sequences of the genes or cDNA from which probes are made can be obtained, e.g., from GenBank, other public databases or publications.

Nucleic acid probes can be natural nucleic acids, chemically modified nucleic acids, e.g., composed of nucleotide analogs, as long as they have activated hydroxyl groups compatible with the linking chemistry. The protective groups can, themselves, be photolabile. Alternatively, the protective groups can be labile under certain chemical conditions, e.g., acid. In this example, the surface of the solid support can contain a composition that generates acids upon exposure to light. Thus, exposure of a region of the substrate to light generates acids in that region that remove the protective groups in the exposed region. Also, the synthesis method can use 3′-protected 5′-0-phosphoramidite-activated deoxynucleoside. In this case, the oligonucleotide is synthesized in the 5′ to 3′ direction, which results in a free 5′ end.

Oligonucleotides of an array can be synthesized using a 96 well automated multiplex oligonucleotide synthesizer (A.M.O.S.) that is capable of making thousands of oligonucleotides (Lashkari et al. (1995) PNAS 93: 7912) can be used.

It will be appreciated that oligonucleotide design is influenced by the intended application. For example, it may be desirable to have similar melting temperatures for all of the probes. Accordingly, the length of the probes are adjusted so that the melting temperatures for all of the probes on the array are closely similar (it will be appreciated that different lengths for different probes may be needed to achieve a particular T[m] where different probes have different GC contents). Although melting temperature is a primary consideration in probe design, other factors are optionally used to further adjust probe construction, such as selecting against primer self-complementarity and the like.

Arrays, e.g., microarrrays, may conveniently be stored following fabrication or purchase for use at a later time. Under appropriate conditions, the subject arrays are capable of being stored for at least about 6 months and may be stored for up to one year or longer. Arrays are generally stored at temperatures between about −20° C. to room temperature, where the arrays are preferably sealed in a plastic container, e.g. bag, and shielded from light.

(iv) Hybridization of the Target Nucleic Acids to the Microarray

The next step is to contact the target nucleic acids with the array under conditions sufficient for binding between the target nucleic acids and the probes of the array. In a preferred embodiment, the target nucleic acids will be contacted with the array under conditions sufficient for hybridization to occur between the target nucleic acids and probes on the microarray, where the hybridization conditions will be selected in order to provide for the desired level of hybridization specificity.

Contact of the array and target nucleic acids involves contacting the array with an aqueous medium comprising the target nucleic acids. Contact may be achieved in a variety of different ways depending on specific configuration of the array. For example, where the array simply comprises the pattern of size separated probes on the surface of a “plate-like” rigid substrate, contact may be accomplished by simply placing the array in a container comprising the target nucleic acid solution, such as a polyethylene bag, and the like. In other embodiments where the array is entrapped in a separation media bounded by two rigid plates, the opportunity exists to deliver the target nucleic acids via electrophoretic means. Alternatively, where the array is incorporated into a biochip device having fluid entry and exit ports, the target nucleic acid solution can be introduced into the chamber in which the pattern of target molecules is presented through the entry port, where fluid introduction could be performed manually or with an automated device. In multiwell embodiments, the target nucleic acid solution will be introduced in the reaction chamber comprising the array, either manually, e.g. with a pipette, or with an automated fluid handling device.

Contact of the target nucleic acid solution and the probes will be maintained for a sufficient period of time for binding between the target and the probe to occur. Although dependent on the nature of the probe and target, contact will generally be maintained for a period of time ranging from about 10 min to 24 hrs, usually from about 30 min to 12 hrs and more usually from about 1 hr to 6 hrs.

When using commercially available microarrays, adequate hybridization conditions are provided by the manufacturer. When using non-commercial microarrays, adequate hybridization conditions can be determined based on the following hybridization guidelines, as well as on the hybridization conditions described in the numerous published articles on the use of microarrays.

Nucleic acid hybridization and wash conditions are optimally chosen so that the probe “specifically binds” or “specifically hybridizes” to a specific array site, i.e., the probe hybridizes, duplexes or binds to a sequence array site with a complementary nucleic acid sequence but does not hybridize to a site with a non-complementary nucleic acid sequence. As used herein, one polynucleotide sequence is considered complementary to another when, if the shorter of the polynucleotides is less than or equal to 25 bases, there are no mismatches using standard base-pairing rules or, if the shorter of the polynucleotides is longer than 25 bases, there is no more than a 5% mismatch. Preferably, the polynucleotides are perfectly complementary (no mismatches). It can easily be demonstrated that specific hybridization conditions result in specific hybridization by carrying out a hybridization assay including negative controls.

Hybridization is carried out in conditions permitting essentially specific hybridization. The length of the probe and GC content will determine the Tm of the hybrid, and thus the hybridization conditions necessary for obtaining specific hybridization of the probe to the template nucleic acid. These factors are well known to a person of skill in the art, and can also be tested in assays. An extensive guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen (1993), “Laboratory Techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology-hybridization with nucleic acid probes.” Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5° C. lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. The Tm is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of the target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. Highly stringent conditions are selected to be equal to the Tm point for a particular probe. Sometimes the term “Td” is used to define the temperature at which at least half of the probe dissociates from a perfectly matched target nucleic acid. In any case, a variety of estimation techniques for estimating the Tm or Td are available, and generally described in Tijssen, supra. Typically, G-C base pairs in a duplex are estimated to contribute about 3° C. to the Tm, while A-T base pairs are estimated to contribute about 2° C., up to a theoretical maximum of about 80–100° C. However, more sophisticated models of Tm and Td are available and appropriate in which G-C stacking interactions, solvent effects, the desired assay temperature and the like are taken into account. For example, probes can be designed to have a dissociation temperature (Td) of approximately 60° C., using the formula: Td=(((((3×#GC)+(2×#AT))×37)−562)/#bp)−5; where #GC, #AT, and #bp are the number of guanine-cytosine base pairs, the number of adenine-thymine base pairs, and the number of total base pairs, respectively, involved in the annealing of the probe to the template DNA.

The stability difference between a perfectly matched duplex and a mismatched duplex, particularly if the mismatch is only a single base, can be quite small, corresponding to a difference in Tm between the two of as little as 0.5 degrees. See Tibanyenda, N. et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 139:19 (1984) and Ebel, S. et al., Biochem. 31:12083 (1992). More importantly, it is understood that as the length of the homology region increases, the effect of a single base mismatch on overall duplex stability decreases.

Theory and practice of nucleic acid hybridization is described, e.g., in S. Agrawal (ed.) Methods in Molecular Biology, volume 20; and Tijssen (1993) Laboratory Techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology-hybridization with nucleic acid probes, e.g., part I chapter 2 “Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid probe assays”, Elsevier, New York provide a basic guide to nucleic acid hybridization.

Certain microarrays are of “active” nature, i.e., they provide independent electronic control over all aspects of the hybridization reaction (or any other affinity reaction) occurring at each specific microlocation. These devices provide a new mechanism for affecting hybridization reactions which is called electronic stringency control (ESC). Such active devices can electronically produce “different stringency conditions” at each microlocation. Thus, all hybridizations can be carried out optimally in the same bulk solution. These arrays are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,380 by Sosnowski et al.

In a preferred embodiment, background signal is reduced by the use of a detergent (e.g, C-TAB) or a blocking reagent (e.g., sperm DNA, cot-1 DNA, etc.) during the hybridization to reduce non-specific binding. In a particularly preferred (embodiment, the hybridization is performed in the presence of about 0.5 mg/ml DNA (e.g., herring sperm DNA). The use of blocking agents in hybridization is well known to those of skill in the art (see, e.g., Chapter 8 in Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Vol. 24: Hybridization With Nucleic Acid Probes, P. Tijssen, ed. Elsevier, N.Y., (1993)).

The method may or may not further comprise a non-bound label removal step prior to the detection step, depending on the particular label employed on the target nucleic acid. For example, in certain assay formats (e.g., “homogenous assay formats”) a detectable signal is only generated upon specific binding of target to probe. As such, in these assay formats, the hybridization pattern may be detected without a non-bound label removal step. In other embodiments, the label employed will generate a signal whether or not the target is specifically bound to its probe. In such embodiments, the non-bound labeled target is removed from the support surface. One means of removing the non-bound labeled target is to perform the well known technique of washing, where a variety of wash solutions and protocols for their use in removing non-bound label are known to those of skill in the art and may be used. Alternatively, non-bound labeled target can be removed by electrophoretic means.

Where all of the target sequences are detected using the same label, different arrays will be employed for each physiological source or time point (where different could include using the same array at different times). The above methods can be varied to provide for multiplex analysis, by employing different and distinguishable labels for the different target populations (representing each of the different physiological sources or time points being assayed). According to this multiplex method, the same array is used at the same time for each of the different target populations.

In another embodiment, hybridization is monitored in real time using a charge-coupled device (CCD) imaging camera (Guschin et al. (1997) Anal. Biochem. 250:203). Synthesis of arrays on optical fibre bundles allows easy and sensitive reading (Healy et al. (1997) Anal. Biochem. 251:270). In another embodiment, real time hybridization detection is carried out on microarrays without washing using evanescent wave effect that excites only fluorophores that are bound to the surface (see, e.g., Stimpson et al. (1995) PNAS 92:6379).

(v) Detection of Hybridization and Analysis of Results

The above steps result in the production of hybridization patterns of target nucleic acid on the array surface. These patterns may be visualized or detected in a variety of ways, with the particular manner of detection being chosen based on the particular label of the target nucleic acid. Representative detection means include scintillation counting, autoradiography, fluorescence measurement, colorimetric measurement, light emission measurement, light scattering, and the like.

One method of detection includes an array scanner that is commercially available from Affymetrix (Santa Clara, Calif.), e.g., the 417™ Arrayer, the 418™ Array Scanner, or the Agilent GeneArray™ Scanner. This scanner is controlled from the system computer with a Windows^(R) interface and easy-to-use software tools. The output is a 16-bit.tif file that can be directly imported into or directly read by a variety of software applications. Preferred scanning devices are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,143,854 and 5,424,186.

When fluorescently labeled probes are used, the fluorescence emissions at each site of a transcript array can be detected by scanning confocal laser microscopy. In one embodiment, a separate scan, using the appropriate excitation line, is carried out for each of the two fluorophores used. Alternatively, a laser can be used that allows simultaneous specimen illumination at wavelengths specific to the two fluorophores and emissions from the two fluorophores can be analyzed simultaneously (see Shalon et al., 1996, A DNA microarray system for analyzing complex DNA samples using two-color fluorescent probe hybridization, Genome Research 6:639–645). In a preferred embodiment, the arrays are scanned with a laser fluorescent scanner with a computer controlled X-Y stage and a microscope objective. Sequential excitation of the two fluorophores can be achieved with a multi-line, mixed gas laser and the emitted light is split by wavelength and detected with two photomultiplier tubes. In one embodiment in which fluorescent target nucleic acids are used, the arrays may be scanned using lasers to excite fluorescently labeled targets that have hybridized to regions of probe arrays, which can then be imaged using charged coupled devices (“CCDs”) for a wide field scanning of the array. Fluorescence laser scanning devices are described, e.g., in Schena et al., 1996, Genome Res. 6:639–645. Alternatively, the fiber-optic bundle described by Ferguson et al., 1996, Nature Biotech. 14:1681–1684, may be used to monitor mRNA abundance levels.

Following the data gathering operation, the data will typically be reported to a data analysis operation. To facilitate the sample analysis operation, the data obtained by the reader from the device will typically be analyzed using a digital computer. Typically, the computer will be appropriately programmed for receipt and storage of the data from the device, as well as for analysis and reporting of the data gathered, e.g., subtrackion of the background, deconvolution multi-color images, flagging or removing artifacts, verifying that controls have performed properly, normalizing the signals, interpreting fluorescence data to determine the amount of hybridized target, normalization of background and single base mismatch hybridizations, and the like. In a preferred embodiment, a system comprises a search function that allows one to search for specific patterns, e.g., patterns relating to differential gene expression of genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation. A system preferably allows one to search for patterns of gene expression between more than two samples.

A desirable system for analyzing data is a general and flexible system for the visualization, manipulation, and analysis of gene expression data. Such a system preferably includes a graphical user interface for browsing and navigating through the expression data, allowing a user to selectively view and highlight the genes of interest. The system also preferably includes sort and search functions and is preferably available for general users with PC, Mac or Unix workstations. Also preferably included in the system are clustering algorithms that are qualitatively more efficient than existing ones. The accuracy of such algorithms is preferably hierarchically adjustable so that the level of detail of clustering can be systematically refined as desired.

Various algorithms are available for analyzing the gene expression profile data, e.g., the type of comparisons to perform. In certain embodiments, it is desirable to group genes that are co-regulated. This allows the comparison of large numbers of profiles. A preferred embodiment for identifying such groups of genes involves clustering algorithms (for reviews of clustering algorithms, see, e.g., Fukunaga, 1990, Statistical Pattern Recognition, 2nd Ed., Academic Press, San Diego; Everitt, 1974, Cluster Analysis, London: Heinemann Educ. Books; Hartigan, 1975, Clustering Algorithms, New York: Wiley; Sneath and Sokal, 1973, Numerical Taxonomy, Freeman; Anderberg, 1973, Cluster Analysis for Applications, Academic Press: New York).

Clustering analysis is useful in helping to reduce complex patterns of thousands of time curves into a smaller set of representative clusters. Some systems allow the clustering and viewing of genes based on sequences. Other systems allow clustering based on other characteristics of the genes, e.g., their level of expression (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,203,987). Other systems permit clustering of time curves (see, e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,287). Cluster analysis can be performed using the hclust routine (see, e.g., “hclust” routine from the software package S-Plus, MathSoft, Inc., Cambridge, Mass.).

In some specific embodiments, genes are grouped according to the degree of co-variation of their transcription, presumably co-regulation, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,203,987. Groups of genes that have co-varying transcripts are termed “genesets.” Cluster analysis or other statistical classification methods can be used to analyze the co-variation of transcription of genes in response to a variety of perturbations, e.g. caused by a disease or a drug. In one specific embodiment, clustering algorithms are applied to expression profiles to construct a “similarity tree” or “clustering tree” which relates genes by the amount of co-regulation exhibited. Genesets are defined on the branches of a clustering tree by cutting across the clustering tree at different levels in the branching hierarchy.

In some embodiments, a gene expression profile is converted to a projected gene expression profile. The projected gene expression profile is a collection of geneset expression values. The conversion is achieved, in some embodiments, by averaging the level of expression of the genes within each geneset. In some other embodiments, other linear projection processes may be used. The projection operation expresses the profile on a smaller and biologically more meaningful set of coordinates, reducing the effects of measurement errors by averaging them over each cellular constituent sets and aiding biological interpretation of the profile.

Values that can be compared include gross expression levels; averages of expression levels, e.g., from different experiments, different samples from the same subject or samples from different subjects; and ratios of expression levels, e.g., between patients and normal controls.

A variety of other statistical methods are available to assess the degree of relatedness in expression patterns of different genes. Certain statistical methods may be broken into two related portions: metrics for determining the relatedness of the expression pattern of one or more gene, and clustering methods, for organizing and classifying expression data based on a suitable metric (Sherlock, 2000, Curr. Opin. Immunol. 12:201–205; Butte et al., 2000, Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing, Hawaii, World Scientific, p. 418–29).

In one embodiment, Pearson correlation may be used as a metric. In brief, for a given gene, each data point of gene expression level defines a vector describing the deviation of the gene expression from the overall mean of gene expression level for that gene across all conditions. Each gene's expression pattern can then be viewed as a series of positive and negative vectors. A Pearson correlation coefficient can then be calculated by comparing the vectors of each gene to each other. An example of such a method is described in Eisen et al. (1998, supra). Pearson correlation coefficients account for the direction of the vectors, but not the magnitudes.

In another embodiment, Euclidean distance measurements may be used as a metric. In these methods, vectors are calculated for each gene in each condition and compared on the basis of the absolute distance in multidimensional space between the points described by the vectors for the gene.

In a further embodiment, the relatedness of gene expression patterns may be determined by entropic calculations (Butte et al. 2000, supra). Entropy is calculated for each gene's expression pattern. The calculated entropy for two genes is then compared to determine the mutual information. Mutual information is calculated by subtracting the entropy of the joint gene expression patterns from the entropy for calculated for each gene individually. The more different two gene expression patterns are, the higher the joint entropy will be and the lower the calculated mutual information. Therefore, high mutual information indicates a non-random relatedness between the two expression patterns.

The different metrics for relatedness may be used in various ways to identify clusters of genes. In one embodiment, comprehensive pairwise comparisons of entropic measurements will identify clusters of genes with particularly high mutual information. In preferred embodiments, expression patterns for two genes are correlated if the normalized mutual information score is greater than or equal to 0.7, and preferably greater than 0.8, greater than 0.9 or greater than 0.95. In alternative embodiments, a statistical significance for mutual information may be obtained by randomly permuting the expression measurements 30 times and determining the highest mutual information measurement obtained from such random associations. All clusters with a mutual information higher than can be obtained randomly after 30 permutations are statistically significant. In a further embodiment, expression patterns for two genes are correlated if the correlation coefficient is greater than or equal to 0.8, and preferably greater than 0.85, 0.9 or, most preferably greater than 0.95.

In another embodiment, agglomerative clustering methods may be used to identify gene clusters. In one embodiment, Pearson correlation coefficients or Euclidean metrics are determined for each gene and then used as a basis for forming a dendrogram. In one example, genes were scanned for pairs of genes with the closest correlation coefficient. These genes are then placed on two branches of a dendrogram connected by a node, with the distance between the depth of the branches proportional to the degree of correlation. This process continues, progressively adding branches to the tree. Ultimately a tree is formed in which genes connected by short branches represent clusters, while genes connected by longer branches represent genes that are not clustered together. The points in multidimensional space by Euclidean metrics may also be used to generate dendrograms.

In yet another embodiment, divisive clustering methods may be used. For example, vectors are assigned to each gene's expression pattern, and two random vectors are generated. Each gene is then assigned to one of the two random vectors on the basis of probability of matching that vector. The random vectors are iteratively recalculated to generate two centroids that split the genes into two groups. This split forms the major branch at the bottom of a dendrogram. Each group is then further split in the same manner, ultimately yielding a fully branched dendrogram.

In a further embodiment, self-organizing maps (SOM) may be used to generate clusters. In general, the gene expression patterns are plotted in n-dimensional space, using a metric such as the Euclidean metrics described above. A grid of centroids is then placed onto the n-dimensional space and the centroids are allowed to migrate towards clusters of points, representing clusters of gene expression. Finally the centroids represent a gene expression pattern that is a sort of average of a gene cluster. In certain embodiments, SOM may be used to generate centroids, and the genes clustered at each centroid may be further represented by a dendrogram. An exemplary method is described in Tamayo et al., 1999, PNAS 96:2907–12. Once centroids are formed, correlation must be evaluated by one of the methods described supra.

2.2. Other Methods for Determining Gene Expression Levels

In certain embodiments, it is sufficient to determine the expression of one or only a few genes, as opposed to hundreds or thousands of genes. Although microarrays can be used in these embodiments, various other methods of detection of gene expression are available. This section describes a few exemplary methods for detecting and quantifying mRNA or polypeptide encoded thereby. Where the first step of the methods includes isolation of mRNA from cells, this step can be conducted as described above. Labeling of one or more nucleic acids can be performed as described above.

In one embodiment, mRNA obtained form a sample is reverse transcribed into a first cDNA strand and subjected to PCR, e.g., RT-PCR. House keeping genes, or other genes whose expression does not vary can be used as internal controls and controls across experiments. Following the PCR reaction, the amplified products can be separated by electrophoresis and detected. By using quantitative PCR, the level of amplified product will correlate with the level of RNA that was present in the sample. The amplified samples can also be separated on a agarose or polyacrylamide gel, transferred onto a filter, and the filter hybridized with a probe specific for the gene of interest. Numerous samples can be analyzed simultaneously by conducting parallel PCR amplification, e.g., by multiplex PCR.

A quantitative PCR technique that can be used is based on the use of TaqMan™ probes. Specific sequence detection occurs by amplification of target sequences in the PE Applied Biosystems 7700 Sequence Detection System in the presence of an oligonucleotide probe labeled at the 5′ and 3′ ends with a reporter and quencher fluorescent dye, respectively (FQ probe), which anneals between the two PCR primers. Only specific product will be detected when the probe is bound between the primers. As PCR amplification proceeds, the 5′-nuclease activity of Taq polymerase initially cleaves the reporter dye from the probe. The signal generated when the reporter dye is physically separated from the quencher dye is detected by measuring the signal with an attached CCD camera. Each signal generated equals one probe cleaved which corresponds to amplification of one target strand. PCR reactions may be set up using the PE Applied Biosystem TaqMan PCR Core Reagent Kit according to the instructions supplied. This technique is further described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,326,462.

In another embodiment, mRNA levels is determined by dotblot analysis and related methods (see, e.g., G. A. Beltz et al., in Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 100, Part B, R. Wu, L. Grossmam, K. Moldave, Eds., Academic Press, New York, Chapter 19, pp. 266–308, 1985). In one embodiment, a specified amount of RNA extracted from cells is blotted (i.e., non-covalently bound) onto a filter, and the filter is hybridized with a probe of the gene of interest. Numerous RNA samples can be analyzed simultaneously, since a blot can comprise multiple spots of RNA. Hybridization is detected using a method that depends on the type of label of the probe. In another dotblot method, one or more probes of one or more genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation are attached to a membrane, and the membrane is incubated with labeled nucleic acids obtained from and optionally derived from RNA of a cell or tissue of a subject. Such a dotblot is essentially an array comprising fewer probes than a microarray.

“Dot blot” hybridization gained wide-spread use, and many versions were developed (see, e.g., M. L. M. Anderson and B. D. Young, in Nucleic Acid Hybridization-A Practical Approach, B. D. Hames and S. J. Higgins, Eds., IRL Press, Washington D.C., Chapter 4, pp. 73–111, 1985).

Another format, the so-called “sandwich” hybridization, involves covalently attaching oligonucleotide probes to a solid support and using them to capture and detect multiple nucleic acid targets (see, e.g., M. Ranki et al., Gene, 21, pp. 77–85, 1983; A. M. Palva, T. M. Ranki, and H. E. Soderlund, in UK Patent Application GB 2156074A, Oct. 2, 1985; T. M. Ranki and H. E. Soderlund in U.S. Pat. No. 4,563,419, Jan. 7, 1986; A. D. B. Malcolm and J. A. Langdale, in PCT WO 86/03782, Jul. 3, 1986; Y. Stabinsky, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,751,177, Jan. 14, 1988; T. H. Adams et al., in PCT WO 90/01564, Feb. 22, 1990; R. B. Wallace et al. 6 Nucleic Acid Res. 11, p. 3543, 1979; and B. J. Connor et al., 80 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA pp. 278–282, 1983). Multiplex versions of these formats are called “reverse dot blots.”

mRNA levels can also be determined by Northern blots. Specific amounts of RNA are separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred onto a filter which is then hybridized with a probe corresponding to the gene of interest. This method, although more burdensome when numerous samples and genes are to be analyzed provides the advantage of being very accurate.

A preferred method for high throughput analysis of gene expression is the serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) technique, first described in Velculescu et al. (1995) Science 270, 484–487. Among the advantages of SAGE is that it has the potential to provide detection of all genes expressed in a given cell type, provides quantitative information about the relative expression of such genes, permits ready comparison of gene expression of genes in two cells, and yields sequence information that can be used to identify the detected genes. Thus far, SAGE methodology has proved itself to reliably detect expression of regulated and nonregulated genes in a variety of cell types (Velculescu et al. (1997) Cell 88, 243–251; Zhang et al. (1997) Science 276, 1268–1272 and Velculescu et al. (1999) Nat. Genet. 23, 387–388).

Techniques for producing and probing nucleic acids are further described, for example, in Sambrook et al., “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual” (New York, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1989).

Alternatively, the level of expression of one or more genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation is determined by in situ hybridization. In one embodiment, a tissue sample is obtained from a subject, the tissue sample is sliced, and in situ hybridization is performed according to methods known in the art, to determine the level of expression of the genes of interest.

In other methods, the level of expression of a gene is detected by measuring the level of protein encoded by the gene. This can be done, e.g., by immunoprecipitation, ELISA, or immunohistochemistry using an agent, e.g., an antibody, that specifically detects the protein encoded by the gene. Other techniques include Western blot analysis. Immunoassays are commonly used to quantitate the levels of proteins in cell samples, and many other immunoassay techniques are known in the art. The invention is not limited to a particular assay procedure, and therefore is intended to include both homogeneous and heterogeneous procedures. Exemplary immunoassays which can be conducted according to the invention include fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA), fluorescence immunoassay (FIA), enzyme immunoassay (EIA), nephelometric inhibition immunoassay (NIA), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and radioimmunoassay (RIA). An indicator moiety, or label group, can be attached to the subject antibodies and is selected so as to meet the needs of various uses of the method which are often dictated by the availability of assay equipment and compatible immunoassay procedures. General techniques to be used in performing the various immunoassays noted above are known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

In the case of polypeptides which are secreted from cells, the level of expression of these polypeptides can be measured in biological fluids.

2.3. Data Analysis Methods

Comparison of the expression levels of one or more genes which are up- or down-regulated in a sample, e.g., of a patient, with reference expression levels, e.g., in normal cells undergoing bone or cartilage formation, is preferably conducted using computer systems. In one embodiment, one or more expression levels are obtained in two cells and these two sets of expression levels are introduced into a computer system for comparison. In a preferred embodiment, one set of one or more expression levels is entered into a computer system for comparison with values that are already present in the computer system, or in computer-readable form that is then entered into the computer system.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a computer readable form of the gene expression profile data of the invention, or of values corresponding to the level of expression of at least one gene which is up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation. The values can be mRNA expression levels obtained from experiments, e.g., microarray analysis. The values can also be mRNA levels normalized relative to a reference gene whose expression is constant in numerous cells under numerous conditions, e.g., GAPDH. In other embodiments, the values in the computer are ratios of, or differences between, normalized or non-normalized mRNA levels in different samples.

The computer readable medium may comprise values of at least 2, at least 3, at least 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 or more genes, e.g., genes listed in Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7. In a preferred embodiment, the computer readable medium comprises at least one expression profile.

Gene expression data can be in the form of a table, such as an Excel table. The data can be alone, or it can be part of a larger database, e.g., comprising other expression profiles, e.g., publicly available database. The computer readable form can be in a computer. In another embodiment, the invention provides a computer displaying the gene expression profile data.

Although the invention provides methods in which the level of expression of a single gene can be compared in two or more cells or tissue samples, in a preferred embodiment, the level of expression of a plurality of genes is compared. For example, the level of expression of at least 2, at least 3, at least 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 or more genes, e.g., genes listed in Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7 can be compared. In a preferred embodiment, expression profiles are compared.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for determining the similarity between the level of expression of one or more genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation in a first cell, e.g., a cell of a subject, and that in a second cell. The method preferably comprises obtaining the level of expression of one or more genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation in a first cell and entering these values into a computer comprising (i) a database including records comprising values corresponding to levels of expression of one or more genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation in a second cell, and (ii) processor instructions, e.g., a user interface, capable of receiving a selection of one or more values for comparison purposes with data that is stored in the computer. The computer may further comprise a means for converting the comparison data into a diagram or chart or other type of output.

In another embodiment, values representing expression levels of one or more genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation are entered into a computer system that comprises one or more databases with reference expression levels obtained from more than one cell. For example, the computer may comprise expression data of diseased, e.g., bone or cartilage cells of an osteoporosis patient, and normal cells. The computer may also comprise expression data of genes at different time points during bone or cartilage formation, e.g., the data set forth in Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7. Instructions are provided to the computer, and the computer is capable of comparing the data entered with the data in the computer to determine whether the data entered is more similar to one or the other gene expression data stored in the computer.

In another embodiment, the computer comprises values of expression levels in cells of subjects at different stages of a disease relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption, and the computer is capable of comparing expression data entered into the computer with the data stored, and produce results indicating to which of the expression data in the computer, the one entered is most similar, such as to determine the stage of the disease in the subject.

In yet another embodiment, the reference expression data in the computer are expression data from cells of one or more subjects having a disease relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption, which cells are treated in vivo or in vitro with a drug used for therapy of the disease. Upon entering of expression data of a cell of a subject treated in vitro or in vivo with the drug, the computer is instructed to compare the data entered with the data in the computer, and to provide results indicating whether the expression data input into the computer are more similar to those of a cell of a subject that is responsive to the drug or more similar to those of a cell of a subject that is not responsive to the drug. Thus, the results indicate whether the subject is likely to respond to the treatment with the drug or unlikely to respond to it.

The reference expression data may also be from cells of subjects responding or not responding to several different treatments, and the computer system indicates a preferred treatment for the subject. Accordingly, the invention provides a method for selecting a therapy for a patient having a disease relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption, the method comprising: (i) providing the level of expression of one or more genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation in a diseased cell of the patient; (ii) providing a plurality of reference expression levels, each associated with a therapy, wherein the subject expression levels and each reference expression level has a plurality of values, each value representing the level of expression of a gene that is up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation; and (iii) selecting the reference expression levels most similar to the subject expression levels, to thereby select a therapy for said patient. In a preferred embodiment step (iii) is performed by a computer. The most similar reference profile may be selected by weighing a comparison value of the plurality using a weight value associated with the corresponding expression data.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a system that comprises a means for receiving gene expression data for one or a plurality of genes; a means for comparing the gene expression data from each of said one or plurality of genes to a common reference frame; and a means for presenting the results of the comparison. This system may further comprise a means for clustering the data.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a computer program for analyzing gene expression data comprising (i) a computer code that receives as input gene expression data for a plurality of genes and (ii) a computer code that compares said gene expression data from each of said plurality of genes to a common reference frame.

The invention also provides a machine-readable or computer-readable medium including program instructions for performing the following steps: (i) comparing a plurality of values corresponding to expression levels of one or more genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation in a query cell with a database including records comprising reference expression of one or more reference cells and an annotation of the type of cell; and (ii) indicating to which cell the query cell is most similar based on similarities of expression levels.

The relative levels of expression, e.g., abundance of an mRNA, in two biological samples can be scored as a perturbation (relative abundance difference) or as not perturbed (i.e., the relative abundance is the same). For example, a perturbation can be a difference in expression levels between the two sources of RNA of at least a factor of about 25% (RNA from one source is 25% more abundant in one source than the other source), more usually about 50%, even more often by a factor of about 2 (twice as abundant), 3 (three times as abundant) or 5 (five times as abundant). Perturbations can be used by a computer for calculating and expressing comparisons.

Preferably, in addition to identifying a perturbation as positive or negative, it is advantageous to determine the magnitude of the perturbation. This can be carried out, as noted above, by calculating the ratio of the emission of the two fluorophores used for differential labeling, or by analogous methods that will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art.

The computer readable medium may further comprise a pointer to a descriptor of the level of expression or expression profile, e.g., from which source it was obtained, e.g., from which patient it was obtained. A descriptor can reflect the stage of a disease, the therapy that a patient is undergoing or any other descriptions of the source of expression levels.

In operation, the means for receiving gene expression data, the means for comparing the gene expression data, the means for presenting, the means for normalizing, and the means for clustering within the context of the systems of the present invention can involve a programmed computer with the respective functionalities described herein, implemented in hardware or hardware and software; a logic circuit or other component of a programmed computer that performs the operations specifically identified herein, dictated by a computer program; or a computer memory encoded with executable instructions representing a computer program that can cause a computer to function in the particular fashion described herein.

Those skilled in the art will understand that the systems and methods of the present invention may be applied to a variety of systems, including IBM-compatible personal computers running MS-DOS or Microsoft Windows.

The computer may have internal components linked to external components. The internal components may include a processor element interconnected with a main memory. The computer system can be an Intel Pentium®-based processor of 200 MHz or greater clock rate and with 32 MB or more of main memory. The external component may comprise a mass storage, which can be one or more hard disks (which are typically packaged together with the processor and memory). Such hard disks are typically of 1 GB or greater storage capacity. Other external components include a user interface device, which can be a monitor, together with an inputing device, which can be a “mouse”, or other graphic input devices, and/or a keyboard. A printing device can also be attached to the computer.

Typically, the computer system is also linked to a network link, which can be part of an Ethernet link to other local computer systems, remote computer systems, or wide area communication networks, such as the Internet. This network link allows the computer system to share data and processing tasks with other computer systems.

Loaded into memory during operation of this system are several software components, which are both standard in the art and special to the instant invention. These software components collectively cause the computer system to function according to the methods of this invention. These software components are typically stored on a mass storage. A software component represents the operating system, which is responsible for managing the computer system and its network interconnections. This operating system can be, for example, of the Microsoft Windows' family, such as Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows NT. A software component represents common languages and functions conveniently present on this system to assist programs implementing the methods specific to this invention. Many high or low level computer languages can be used to program the analytic methods of this invention. Instructions can be interpreted during run-time or compiled. Preferred languages include C/C++, and JAVA®. Most preferably, the methods of this invention are programmed in mathematical software packages which allow symbolic entry of equations and high-level specification of processing, including algorithms to be used, thereby freeing a user of the need to procedurally program individual equations or algorithms. Such packages include Matlab from Mathworks (Natick, Mass.), Mathematica from Wolfram Research (Champaign, Ill.), or S-Plus from Math Soft (Cambridge, Mass.). Accordingly, a software component represents the analytic methods of this invention as programmed in a procedural language or symbolic package. In a preferred embodiment, the computer system also contains a database comprising values representing levels of expression of one or more genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation. The database may contain one or more expression profiles of genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation in different cells.

In an exemplary implementation, to practice the methods of the present invention, a user first loads expression data into the computer system. These data can be directly entered by the user from a monitor and keyboard, or from other computer systems linked by a network connection, or on removable storage media such as a CD-ROM or floppy disk or through the network. Next the user causes execution of expression profile analysis software which performs the steps of comparing and, e.g., clustering co-varying genes into groups of genes.

In another exemplary implementation, expression profiles are compared using a method described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,203,987. A user first loads expression profile data into the computer system. Geneset profile definitions are loaded into the memory from the storage media or from a remote computer, preferably from a dynamic geneset database system, through the network. Next the user causes execution of projection software which performs the steps of converting expression profile to projected expression profiles. The projected expression profiles are then displayed.

In yet another exemplary implementation, a user first leads a projected profile into the memory. The user then causes the loading of a reference profile into the memory. Next, the user causes the execution of comparison software which performs the steps of objectively comparing the profiles.

3. Exemplary Diagnostic and Prognostic Compositions and Devices of the Invention

Any composition and device (e.g., an array or microarray) for use in the above-described methods are within the scope of the invention.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a composition comprising a plurality of detection agents for detecting expression of genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation. In a preferred embodiment, the composition comprises at least 2, preferably at least 3, 5, 10, 20, 50, or 100 different detection agents, such as to genes listed in Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises at most about 1000, 500, 300, 100, 50, 30, 10, 5 or 3 detection agents. Certain composition may comprise no more than about 1, 2, 3, 5, or 10 detection agents of genes which are not listed in Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7. In certain compositions, less than about 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 30% or 50% of the detection agents are to genes that are not listed in Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7. A detection agent can be a nucleic acid probe, e.g., DNA or RNA, or it can be a polypeptide, e.g., as antibody that binds to the polypeptide encoded by a gene that is up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation. The probes can be present in equal amount or in different amounts in the solution.

A nucleic acid probe can be at least about 10 nucleotides long, preferably at least about 15, 20, 25, 30, 50, 100 nucleotides or more, and can comprise the full length gene. Preferred probes are those that hybridize specifically to genes listed in any of Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7. If the nucleic acid is short (i.e., 20 nucleotides or less), the sequence is preferably perfectly complementary to the target gene (i.e., a gene that is up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation), such that specific hybridization can be obtained. However, nucleic acids, even short ones that are not perfectly complementary to the target gene can also be included in a composition of the invention, e.g., for use as a negative control. Certain compositions may also comprise nucleic acids that are complementary to, and capable of detecting, an allele of a gene.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides nucleic acids which hybridize under high stringency conditions of 0.2 to 1×SSC at 65° C. followed by a wash at 0.2×SSC at 65° C. to genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation. In another embodiment, the invention provides nucleic acids which hybridize under low stringency conditions of 6×SSC at room temperature followed by a wash at 2×SSC at room temperature. Other nucleic acids probes hybridize to their target in 3×SSC at 40 or 50° C., followed by a wash in 1 or 2×SSC at 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, or 65° C.

Nucleic acids which are at least about 80%, preferably at least about 90%, even more preferably at least about 95% and most preferably at least about 98% identical to genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation or cDNAs thereof, complements thereof, fragments and variants are also within the scope of the invention.

Nucleic acid probes can be obtained by, e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of gene segments from genomic DNA, cDNA (e.g., by RT-PCR), or cloned sequences. PCR primers are chosen, based on the known sequence of the genes or cDNA, that result in amplification of unique fragments. Computer programs can be used in the design of primers with the required specificity and optimal amplification properties. See, e.g., Oligo version 5.0 (National Biosciences). Factors which apply to the design and selection of primers for amplification are described, for example, by Rylchik, W. (1993) “Selection of Primers for Polymerase Chain Reaction,” in Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 15, White B. ed., Humana Press, Totowa, N.J. Sequences can be obtained from GenBank or other public sources.

Oligonucleotides of the invention may be synthesized by standard methods known in the art, e.g. by use of an automated DNA synthesizer (such as are commercially available from Biosearch, Applied Biosystems, etc.). As examples, phosphorothioate oligonucleotides may be synthesized by the method of Stein et al. (1988, Nucl. Acids Res. 16: 3209), methylphosphonate oligonucleotides can be prepared by use of controlled pore glass polymer supports (Sarin et al., 1988, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85: 7448–7451), etc. In another embodiment, the oligonucleotide is a 2′-0-methylribonucleotide (Inoue et al., 1987, Nucl. Acids Res. 15: 6131–6148), or a chimeric RNA-DNA analog (Inoue et al., 1987, FEBS Lett. 215: 327–330).

“Rapid amplification of cDNA ends,” or RACE, is a PCR method that can be used for amplifying cDNAs from a number of different RNAs. The cDNAs may be ligated to an oligonucleotide linker and amplified by PCR using two primers. One primer may be based on sequence from the instant nucleic acids, for which full length sequence is desired, and a second primer may comprise a sequence that hybridizes to the oligonucleotide linker to amplify the cDNA. A description of this method is reported in PCT Pub. No. WO 97/19110.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a composition comprising a plurality of agents which can detect a polypeptide encoded by a gene that is up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation. An agent can be, e.g., an antibody. Antibodies to polypeptides described herein can be obtained commercially, or they can be produced according to methods known in the art.

The probes can be attached to a solid support, such as paper, membranes, filters, chips, pins or glass slides, or any other appropriate substrate, such as those further described herein. For example, probes of genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation can be attached covalently or non covalently to membranes for use, e.g., in dotblots, or to solids such as to create arrays, e.g., microarrays. Exemplary solid surfaces, e.g., arrays, comprise probes corresponding to all or a portion of the genes listed in Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7. Solid surfaces may comprise at least about 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, or 100 probes corresponding to genes listed in Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7. In certain embodiments, solid surfaces comprise less than about 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, or 100 probes corresponding to genes that are not listed in Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7. In certain solid surfaces, less than about 1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, or 50% of the probes are probes that correspond to genes that are not listed in any of Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7.

The invention also provides computer-readable media and computers comprising expression values of all or a portion of the genes set forth in Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7 during bone and cartilage development, such as the values set forth in Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7. The media and computers may comprise at least about 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, or 100 values of genes listed in Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7. In certain embodiments, media and computers comprise less than about 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, or 100 values of genes that are not listed in Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7. In certain media and computers, less than about 1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, or 50% of the values correspond to genes that are not listed in Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7.

Methods for preparing compositions and devices, e.g., computer readable media, are also within the scope of the invention.

4. Therapeutic Methods and Compositions

Up- or down-regulation of genes which have been shown to be down- and up-regulated during bone formation, respectively, can be used as a therapeutic method in various situations, e.g., diseases relating to bone and cartilage formation, such as osteodystrophy, osteohypertrophy, osteoblastoma, osteopertrusis, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteoporosis, osteopenia, osteoma and osteoblastoma; inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis; periondontal disease or other teeth related diseases; hyperparathyroidism; hypercalcemia of malignancy; Paget's disease; osteolytic lesions produced by bone metastasis; bone loss due to immobilization or sex hormone deficiency; wound healing and related tissue repair (e.g., burns, incisions and ulcers); healing of fractures, e.g., in closed and open fracture reduction; improved fixation of artificial joints; repair of congenital, trauma induced, or oncologic resection induced craniofacial defects; tooth repair processes and plastic, e.g., cosmetic plastic, surgery.

Accordingly, in certain diseases, e.g., osteoporosis, which can be treated by stimulating bone or cartilage formation, the invention provides methods for stimulating bone or cartilage formation. In other diseases, e.g., osteodystrophy, osteohypertrophy, osteoma, osteoblastoma and cancers, which can be treated by inhibiting bone or cartilage formation, the invention provides methods for inhibiting bone or cartilage formation.

Certain genes have been shown herein to be expressed maximally in differentiated bone cells (see, e.g., genes represented in bold and italics in Table 1). Such genes are likely to be markers of osteoclast formation, differentiation or activity. Thus, inhibiting the expression of one or more of these genes or reducing the activity of level of the protein encoded thereby, will reduce osteoclast activity, and could thus be used in treating diseases relating to excessive osteoclast activity, e.g., osteopenia, osteoporosis and erosion associated with arthritis.

In other embodiments, the invention is used for stimulating in vitro formation of bone or cartilage that can then be implanted into subjects.

In one embodiment, a therapeutic method includes increasing or decreasing the level of expression of one or more genes whose expression is abnormally low or high, respectively, relatively to that in a normal subject. For example, the invention may comprise first determining the level of expression of one or more genes that are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation, e.g., genes in any of the Tables described herein, and then bringing the level of expression of the genes whose level of expression differs from the control to about the level in the control.

Gene expression may be normalized, i.e., brought to within a similar level relative to a control, by various ways. For example, gene expression may be normalized by administering the protein that is encoded by the gene; by administering a nucleic acid encoding the protein that is encoded by the gene; or by stimulating expression of the gene. Reducing gene expression can be achieved, e.g., by administration of antisense, siRNA, ribozymes or aptamers directed to the gene or antibodies or other molecules that bind and, e.g., inactivate the protein encoded by the gene.

In certain embodiments, osteogenic, cartilage-inducing or bone inducing factors can be co-administered together with a gene-specific therapeutic to a subject. For example, a growth or differentiation factor or bone morphogenetic protein, e.g., BMP-2 can be co-administered. Other factors that can be co-administered include those described in European patent applications 148,155 and 169,016.

4.1. Methods for Confirming that Modulation of the Expression of a Gene Improves a Disease Relating to Bone or Cartilage Formation or Resorption

In one embodiment, the effect of up- or down-regulating the level of expression of a gene which is down- or up-regulated, respectively, in a cell of a subject having a disease relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption can be confirmed by phenotypic analysis of the cell characteristic of the disease, in particular by determining whether the cell adopts a phenotype that is more reminiscent of that of a normal cell than that of a cell characteristic of the disease relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption. A “cell characteristic of a disease” also referred to as a “diseased cell” refers to a cell of a subject having a disease, which cell is affected by the disease, and is therefore different from the corresponding cell in a non-diseased subject. For example a cell characteristic of cancer is a cancer cell or tumor cell.

The effect on the cell can also be confirmed by measuring the level of expression of one or more genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation, and preferably at least about 10, or at least about 100 genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation. In a preferred embodiment, the level of expression of a gene is modulated, and the level of expression of at least one gene that is up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation is determined, e.g., by using a microarray having probes to the one or more genes. If the normalization of expression of the gene results in at least some normalization of the gene expression profile in the diseased cell, then normalizing the expression of the gene in the subject having the disease is expected to improve the disease. The term “normalization of the expression of a gene in a diseased cell” refers to bringing the level of expression of that gene in the diseased cell to a level that is similar to that in the corresponding normal cell. “Normalization of the gene expression profile in a diseased cell” refers to bringing the expression profile in a diseased cell essentially to that in the corresponding non-diseased cell. If, however, the normalization of expression of the gene does not result in at least some normalization of the gene expression profile in the diseased cell, normalizing the expression of the gene in a subject having a disease relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption is not expected to improve the disease. In certain embodiments, the expression level of two or more genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation is modulated and the effect on the diseased cell is determined.

A preferred cell for use in these assays is a cell characteristic of a disease relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption that can be obtained from a subject and, e.g., established as a primary cell culture. The cell can be immortalized by methods known in the art, e.g., by expression of an oncogene or large T antigen of SV40. Alternatively, cell lines corresponding to such a diseased cell can be used. Examples include RAW cells and THPI cells. However, prior to using such cell lines, it may be preferably to confirm that the gene expression profile of the cell line corresponds essentially to that of a cell characteristic of a disease related to bone or cartilage formation or resorption. This can be done as described in details herein.

Modulating the expression of a gene in a cell can be achieved, e.g., by contacting the cell with an agent that increases the level of expression of the gene or the activity of the polypeptide encoded by the gene. Increasing the level of a polypeptide in a cell can also be achieved by transfecting the cell, transiently or stably, with a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide. Decreasing the expression of a gene in a cell can be achieved by inhibiting transcription or translation of the gene or RNA, e.g., by introducing antisense nucleic acids, ribozymes or siRNAs into the cells, or by inhibiting the activity of the polypeptide encoded by the gene, e.g., by using antibodies or dominant negative mutants. These methods are further described below in the context of therapeutic methods.

A nucleic acid encoding a particular polypeptide can be obtained, e.g., by RT-PCR from a cell that is known to express the gene. Primers for the RT-PCR can be derived from the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the polypeptide. The nucleotide sequence of the gene is available, e.g., in GenBank or in the publications. GenBank Accession numbers of the genes listed in Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7 are provided in the tables. Amplified DNA can then be inserted into an expression vector, according to methods known in the art and transfected into diseased cells of a disease related to bone or cartilage formation or resorption. In a control experiment, normal counterpart cells can also be transfected. The level of expression of the polypeptide in the transfected cells can be determined, e.g., by electrophoresis and staining of the gel or by Western blot using an a agent that binds the polypeptide, e.g., an antibody. The level of expression of one or more genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation can then be determined in the transfected cells having elevated levels of the polypeptide. In a preferred embodiment, the level of expression is determined by using a microarray. For example, RNA is extracted from the transfected cells, and used as target DNA for hybridization to a microarray, as further described herein.

These assays will allow the identification of genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation that can be used as therapeutic targets for developing therapeutics for diseases relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption.

4.2. Therapeutic Methods

4.2.1. Methods for Reducing Expression of a Gene or the Activity or Level of the Protein Encoded Thereby in a Patient

Genes that are expressed at higher levels in diseased cells of subjects having a disease relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption relative to their expression level in a normal cell undergoing bone or cartilage formation may be used as therapeutic targets for treating the disease. For example, it is possible to treat such a disease by decreasing the level of the polypeptides in diseased cells. Similarly, where bone or cartilage formation is undesired, it may be inhibited by blocking or reducing the expression of a gene or the activity or level of the encoded polypeptide that is modulated, e.g., up-regulated, during normal bone or cartilage formation. Bone and cartilage formation may also be stimulated by blocking or reducing the expression of a gene or the activity or level of the encoded polypeptide that is modulated, e.g., down-regulated, during normal bone or cartilage formation.

(i) Antisense Nucleic Acids

One method for decreasing the level of expression of a gene is to introduce into the cell antisense molecules which are complementary to at least a portion of the gene or RNA of the gene. An “antisense” nucleic acid as used herein refers to a nucleic acid capable of hybridizing to a sequence-specific (e.g., non-poly A) portion of the target RNA, for example its translation initiation region, by virtue of some sequence complementarity to a coding and/or non-coding region. The antisense nucleic acids of the invention can be oligonucleotides that are double-stranded or single-stranded, RNA or DNA or a modification or derivative thereof, which can be directly administered in a controllable manner to a cell or which can be produced intracellularly by transcription of exogenous, introduced sequences in controllable quantities sufficient to perturb translation of the target RNA.

Preferably, antisense nucleic acids are of at least six nucleotides and are preferably oligonucleotides (ranging from 6 to about 200 oligonucleotides). In specific aspects, the oligonucleotide is at least 10 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 100 nucleotides, or at least 200 nucleotides. The oligonucleotides can be DNA or RNA or chimeric mixtures or derivatives or modified versions thereof, single-stranded or double-stranded. The oligonucleotide can be modified at the base moiety, sugar moiety, or phosphate backbone. The oligonucleotide may include other appending groups such as peptides, or agents facilitating transport across the cell membrane (see, e.g., Letsinger et al., 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86: 6553–6556; Lemaitre et al., 1987, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 84: 648–652: PCT Publication No. WO 88/09810, published Dec. 15, 1988), hybridization-triggered cleavage agents (see, e.g., Krol et al., 1988, BioTechniques 6: 958–976) or intercalating agents (see, e.g., Zon, 1988, Pharm. Res. 5: 539–549).

In a preferred aspect of the invention, an antisense oligonucleotide is provided, preferably as single-stranded DNA. The oligonucleotide may be modified at any position on its structure with constituents generally known in the art. For example, the antisense oligonucleotides may comprise at least one modified base moiety which is selected from the group including but not limited to 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl) uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, beta-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-adenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine, 5′-methoxycarboxymethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-N-6-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), wybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 3-(3-amino-3-N-2-carboxypropyl)uracil, (acp3)w, and 2,6-diaminopurine.

In another embodiment, the oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified sugar moiety selected from the group including, but not limited to, arabinose, 2-fluoroarabinose, xylulose, and hexose.

In yet another embodiment, the oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified phosphate backbone selected from the group consisting of a phosphorothioate, a phosphorodithioate, a phosphoramidothioate, a phosphoramidate, a phosphordiamidate, a methylphosphonate, an alkyl phosphotriester, and a formacetal or analog thereof.

In yet another embodiment, the oligonucleotide is a 2-α-anomeric oligonucleotide. An α-anomeric oligonucleotide forms specific double-stranded hybrids with complementary RNA in which, contrary to the usual β-units, the strands run parallel to each other (Gautier et al., 1987, Nucl. Acids Res. 15:6625–6641).

The oligonucleotide may be conjugated to another molecule, e.g., a peptide, hybridization triggered cross-linking agent transport agent, hybridization-triggered cleavage agent, etc. An antisense molecule can be a “peptide nucleic acid” (PNA). PNA refers to an antisense molecule or anti-gene agent which comprises an oligonucleotide of at least about 5 nucleotides in length linked to a peptide backbone of amino acid residues ending in lysine. The terminal lysine confers solubility to the composition. PNAs preferentially bind complementary single stranded DNA or RNA and stop transcript elongation, and may be pegylated to extend their lifespan in the cell.

The antisense nucleic acids of the invention comprise a sequence complementary to at least a portion of a target RNA species. However, absolute complementarity, although preferred, is not required. A sequence “complementary to at least a portion of an RNA,” as referred to herein, means a sequence having sufficient complementarity to be able to hybridize with the RNA, forming a stable duplex; in the case of double-stranded antisense nucleic acids, a single strand of the duplex DNA may thus be tested, or triplex formation may be assayed. The ability to hybridize will depend on both the degree of complementarity and the length of the antisense nucleic acid. Generally, the longer the hybridizing nucleic acid, the more base mismatches with a target RNA it may contain and still form a stable duplex (or triplex, as the case may be). One skilled in the art can ascertain a tolerable degree of mismatch by use of standard procedures to determine the melting point of the hybridized complex. The amount of antisense nucleic acid that will be effective in the inhibiting translation of the target RNA can be determined by standard assay techniques.

The synthesized antisense oligonucleotides can then be administered to a cell in a controlled manner. For example, the antisense oligonucleotides can be placed in the growth environment of the cell at controlled levels where they may be taken up by the cell. The uptake of the antisense oligonucleotides can be assisted by use of methods well known in the art.

In an alternative embodiment, the antisense nucleic acids of the invention are controllably expressed intracellularly by transcription from an exogenous sequence. For example, a vector can be introduced in vivo such that it is taken up by a cell, within which cell the vector or a portion thereof is transcribed, producing an antisense nucleic acid (RNA) of the invention. Such a vector would contain a sequence encoding the antisense nucleic acid. Such a vector can remain episomal or become chromosomally integrated, as long as it can be transcribed to produce the desired antisense RNA. Such vectors can be constructed by recombinant DNA technology methods standard in the art. Vectors can be plasmid, viral, or others known in the art, used for replication and expression in mammalian cells. Expression of the sequences encoding the antisense RNAs can be by any promoter known in the art to act in a cell of interest. Such promoters can be inducible or constitutive. Most preferably, promoters are controllable or inducible by the administration of an exogenous moiety in order to achieve controlled expression of the antisense oligonucleotide. Such controllable promoters include the Tet promoter. Other usable promoters for mammalian cells include, but are not limited to: the SV40 early promoter region (Bernoist and Chambon, 1981, Nature 290: 304–310), the promoter contained in the 3′ long terminal repeat of Rous sarcoma virus (Yamamoto et al., 1980, Cell 22: 787–797), the herpes thymidine kinase promoter (Wagner et al., 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78: 1441–1445), the regulatory sequences of the metallothionein gene (Brinster et al., 1982, Nature 296: 39–42), etc.

Antisense therapy for a variety of cancers is in clinical phase and has been discussed extensively in the literature. Reed reviewed antisense therapy directed at the Bcl-2 gene in tumors; gene transfer-mediated overexpression of Bcl-2 in tumor cell lines conferred resistance to many types of cancer drugs. (Reed, J. C., N. C. I. (1997) 89:988–990). The potential for clinical development of antisense inhibitors of ras is discussed by Cowsert, L. M., Anti-Cancer Drug Design (1997) 12:359–371. Additional important antisense targets include leukemia (Geurtz, A. M., Anti-Cancer Drug Design (1997) 12:341–358); human C-ref kinase (Monia, B. P., Anti-Cancer Drug Design (1997) 12:327–339); and protein kinase C (McGraw et al., Anti-Cancer Drug Design (1997) 12:315–326.

(ii) Ribozymes

In another embodiment, the level of a particular mRNA or polypeptide in a cell is reduced by introduction of a ribozyme into the cell or nucleic acid encoding such. Ribozyme molecules designed to catalytically cleave mRNA transcripts can also be introduced into, or expressed, in cells to inhibit expression of the gene (see, e.g., Sarver et al., 1990, Science 247:1222–1225 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,093,246). One commonly used ribozyme motif is the hammerhead, for which the substrate sequence requirements are minimal. Design of the hammerhead ribozyme is disclosed in Usman et al., Current Opin. Struct. Biol. (1996) 6:527–533. Usman also discusses the therapeutic uses of ribozymes. Ribozymes can also be prepared and used as described in Long et al., FASEB J. (1993) 7:25; Symons, Ann. Rev. Biochem. (1992) 61:641; Perrotta et al., Biochem. (1992) 31:16–17; Ojwang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) (1992) 89:10802–10806 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,678. Ribozyme cleavage of HIV-I RNA is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,144,019; methods of cleaving RNA using ribozymes is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,742; and methods for increasing the specificity of ribozymes are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,337 and Koizumi et al., Nucleic Acid Res. (1989) 17:7059–7071. Preparation and use of ribozyme fragments in a hammerhead structure are also described by Koizumi et al., Nucleic Acids Res. (1989) 17:7059–7071. Preparation and use of ribozyme fragments in a hairpin structure are described by Chowrira and Burke, Nucleic Acids Res. (1992) 20:2835. Ribozymes can also be made by rolling transcription as described in Daubendiek and Kool, Nat. Biotechnol. (1997) 15(3):273–277.

(iii) siRNAs

Another method for decreasing or blocking gene expression is by introducing double stranded small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which mediate sequence specific mRNA degradation. RNA interference (RNAi) is the process of sequence-specific, post-transcriptional gene silencing in animals and plants, initiated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that is homologous in sequence to the silenced gene. In vivo, long dsRNA is cleaved by ribonuclease III to generate 21- and 22-nucleotide siRNAs. It has been shown that 21-nucleotide siRNA duplexes specifically suppress expression of endogenous and heterologous genes in different mammalian cell lines, including human embryonic kidney (293) and HeLa cells (Elbashir et al. Nature 2001 ;411(6836):494–8).

(iv) Triplex Formation

Gene expression can be reduced by targeting deoxyribonucleotide sequences complementary to the regulatory region of the target gene (i.e., the gene promoter and/or enhancers) to form triple helical structures that prevent transcription of the gene in target cells in the body. (See generally, Helene, C. 1991, Anticancer Drug Des., 6(6):569–84; Helene, C., et al., 1992, Ann, N.Y. Accad. Sci., 660:27–36; and Maher, L. J., 1992, Bioassays 14(12):807–15).

(v) Aptamers

In a further embodiment, RNA aptamers can be introduced into or expressed in a cell. RNA aptamers are specific RNA ligands for proteins, such as for Tat and Rev RNA (Good et al., 1997, Gene Therapy 4: 45–54) that can specifically inhibit their translation.

(vi) Dominant Negative Mutants

Another method of decreasing the biological activity of a polypeptide is by introducing into the cell a dominant negative mutant. A dominant negative mutant polypeptide will interact with a molecule with which the polypeptide normally interacts, thereby competing for the molecule, but since it is biologically inactive, it will inhibit the biological activity of the polypeptide. A dominant negative mutant can be created by mutating the substrate-binding domain, the catalytic domain, or a cellular localization domain of the polypeptide. Preferably, the mutant polypeptide will be overproduced. Point mutations are made that have such an effect. In addition, fusion of different polypeptides of various lengths to the terminus of a protein can yield dominant negative mutants. General strategies are available for making dominant negative mutants. See Herskowitz, Nature (1987) 329:219–222.

(vi) Use of Agents Inhibiting Transcription or Polypeptide Activity

In another embodiment, a compound decreasing the expression of the gene of interest or the activity of the polypeptide is administered to a subject having a disease relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption, such that the level or activity of the polypeptide in the diseased cells decreases, and the disease is improved. Compounds may be known in the art or can be identified as further described herein. For example, where the gene encodes a polypeptide that is a protease, the activity of the protease can be inhibited, e.g., by a compound that binds an active site of the enzyme, by a compound that inhibits the interaction of the protease with its target, or by a compound that decreases the stability of the protease.

4.2.2. Methods for Increasing the Expression of a Gene or the Activity or Level of the Protein Encoded Thereby in a Patient

Genes which are expressed at lower levels in diseased cells of subjects having a disease relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption relative to their expression level in a normal cell undergoing bone or cartilage formation may be used as therapeutic targets for treating such diseases. For example, it may be possible to treat such a disease by increasing the level of the polypeptides in diseased cells. Similarly, where on wishes to stimulate bone formation, one may increase the level of expression of a gene or the activity or level of protein encoded by the gene that is modulated, e.g., up-regulated, during bone or cartilage formation. If one wishes to inhibit bone or cartilage formation, one may increase the level of expression of a gene or the activity or level of protein encoded by the gene that is modulated, e.g., down-regulated, during bone or cartilage formation.

(i) Administration of a Nucleic Acid Encoding a Polypeptide of Interest to a Subject

In one embodiment, a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide of interest, or an equivalent thereof, such as a functionally active fragment of the polypeptide, is administered to a subject, such that the nucleic acid arrives at the site of the diseased cells, traverses the cell membrane and is expressed in the diseased cell.

A nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide of interest can be obtained as described herein, e.g., by RT-PCR, or from publicly available DNA clones. It may not be necessary to express the full length polypeptide in a cell of a subject, and a functional fragment thereof may be sufficient. Similarly, it is not necessary to express a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence that is identical to that of the wild-type polypeptide. Certain amino acid deletions, additions and substitutions are permitted, provided that the polypeptide retains most of its biological activity. For example, it is expected that polypeptides having conservative amino acid substitutions will have the same activity as the polypeptide. Polypeptides that are shorter or longer than the wild-type polypeptide or which contain from one to 20 amino acid deletions, insertions or substitutions and which have a biological activity that is essentially identical to that of the wild-type polypeptide are referred to herein as “equivalents of the polypeptide.” Equivalent polypeptides also include polypeptides having an amino acid sequence which is at least 80%, preferably at least about 90%, even more preferably at least about 95% and most preferably at least 98% identical or similar to the amino acid sequence of the wild-type polypeptide.

Determining which portion of the polypeptide is sufficient for improving a disease relating to bone or cartilage formation or which polypeptides derived from the polypeptide are “equivalents” which can be used for treating the disease, can be done in in vitro assays. For example, expression plasmids encoding various portions of the polypeptide can be transfected into cells, e.g., diseased cells of patients, and the effect of the expression of the portion of the polypeptide in the cells can be determined, e.g., by visual inspection of the phenotype of the cell or by obtaining the expression profile of the cell, as further described herein.

Any means for the introduction of polynucleotides into mammals, human or non-human, may be adapted to the practice of this invention for the delivery of the various constructs of the invention into the intended recipient. In one embodiment of the invention, the DNA constructs are delivered to cells by transfection, i.e., by delivery of “naked” DNA or in a complex with a colloidal dispersion system. A colloidal system includes macromolecule complexes, nanocapsules, microspheres, beads, and lipid-based systems including oil-in-water emulsions, micelles, mixed micelles, and liposomes. The preferred colloidal system of this invention is a lipid-complexed or liposome-formulated DNA. In the former approach, prior to formulation of DNA, e.g., with lipid, a plasmid containing a transgene bearing the desired DNA constructs may first be experimentally optimized for expression (e.g., inclusion of an intron in the 5′ untranslated region and elimination of unnecessary sequences (Felgner, et al., Ann NY Acad Sci 126–139, 1995). Formulation of DNA, e.g. with various lipid or liposome materials, may then be effected using known methods and materials and delivered to the recipient mammal. See, e.g., Canonico et al, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 10:24–29, 1994; Tsan et al, Am J Physiol 268; Alton et al., Nat Genet. 5:135–142, 1993 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,679,647 by Carson et al.

The targeting of liposomes can be classified based on anatomical and mechanistic factors. Anatomical classification is based on the level of selectivity, for example, organ-specific, cell-specific, and organelle-specific. Mechanistic targeting can be distinguished based upon whether it is passive or active. Passive targeting utilizes the natural tendency of liposomes to distribute to cells of the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) in organs, which contain sinusoidal capillaries. Active targeting, on the other hand, involves alteration of the liposome by coupling the liposome to a specific ligand such as a monoclonal antibody, sugar, glycolipid, or protein, or by changing the composition or size of the liposome in order to achieve targeting to organs and cell types other than the naturally occurring sites of localization.

The surface of the targeted delivery system may be modified in a variety of ways. In the case of a liposomal targeted delivery system, lipid groups can be incorporated into the lipid bilayer of the liposome in order to maintain the targeting ligand in stable association with the liposomal bilayer. Various linking groups can be used for joining the lipid chains to the targeting ligand. Naked DNA or DNA associated with a delivery vehicle, e.g., liposomes, can be administered to several sites in a subject (see below).

In a preferred method of the invention, the DNA constructs are delivered using viral vectors. The transgene may be incorporated into any of a variety of viral vectors useful in gene therapy, such as recombinant retroviruses, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), and herpes simplex virus-1, or recombinant bacterial or eukaryotic plasmids. While various viral vectors may be used in the practice of this invention, AAV- and adenovirus-based approaches are of particular interest. Such vectors are generally understood to be the recombinant gene delivery system of choice for the transfer of exogenous genes in vivo, particularly into humans.

It is possible to limit the infection spectrum of viruses by modifying the viral packaging proteins on the surface of the viral particle (see, for example PCT publications WO93/25234, WO94/06920, and WO94/11524). For instance, strategies for the modification of the infection spectrum of viral vectors include: coupling antibodies specific for cell surface antigens to envelope protein (Roux et al., (1989) PNAS USA 86:9079–9083; Julan et al., (1992) J. Gen Virol 73:3251–3255; and Goud et al., (1983) Virology 163:251–254); or coupling cell surface ligands to the viral envelope proteins (Neda et al., (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266:14143–14146). Coupling can be in the form of the chemical cross-linking with a protein or other variety (e.g. lactose to convert the env protein to an asialoglycoprotein), as well as by generating fusion proteins (e.g. single-chain antibody/env fusion proteins). This technique, while useful to limit or otherwise direct the infection to certain tissue types, and can also be used to convert an ecotropic vector in to an amphotropic vector.

The expression of a polypeptide of interest or equivalent thereof in cells of a patient to which a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide was administered can be determined, e.g., by obtaining a sample of the cells of the patient and determining the level of the polypeptide in the sample, relative to a control sample. The successful administration to a patient and expression of the polypeptide or an equivalent thereof in the cells of the patient can be monitored by determining the expression of at least one gene that is up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation, and preferably by determining an expression profile including most of the genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation, as described herein.

(ii) Administration of a Polypeptide of Interest to a Subject

In another embodiment, a polypeptide of interest, or an equivalent or variant thereof, e.g., a functional fragment thereof, is administered to the subject such that it reaches the diseased cells of a disease related to bone or cartilage formation or resorption, and traverses the cellular membrane. Polypeptides can be synthesized in prokaryotes or eukaryotes or cells thereof and purified according to methods known in the art. For example, recombinant polypeptides can be synthesized in human cells, mouse cells, rat cells, insect cells, yeast cells, and plant cells. Polypeptides can also be synthesized in cell free extracts, e.g., reticulocyte lysates or wheat germ extracts. Purification of proteins can be done by various methods, e.g., chromatographic methods (see, e.g., Robert K Scopes “Protein Purification: Principles and Practice” Third Ed. Springer-Verlag, N.Y. 1994). In one embodiment, the polypeptide is produced as a fusion polypeptide comprising an epitope tag consisting of about six consecutive histidine residues. The fusion polypeptide can then be purified on a Ni⁺⁺ column. By inserting a protease site between the tag and the polypeptide, the tag can be removed after purification of the peptide on the Ni⁺⁺ column. These methods are well known in the art and commercial vectors and affinity matrices are commercially available.

Administration of polypeptides can be done by mixing them with liposomes, as described above. The surface of the liposomes can be modified by adding molecules that will target the liposome to the desired physiological location.

In one embodiment, a polypeptide is modified so that its rate of traversing the cellular membrane is increased. For example, the polypeptide can be fused to a second peptide which promotes “transcytosis,” e.g., uptake of the peptide by cells. In one embodiment, the peptide is a portion of the HIIV transactivator (TAT) protein, such as the fragment corresponding to residues 37–62 or 48–60 of TAT, portions which are rapidly taken up by cell in vitro (Green and Loewenstein, (1989) Cell 55:1179–1188). In another embodiment, the internalizing peptide is derived from the Drosophila antennapedia protein, or homologs thereof. The 60 amino acid long homeodomain of the homeo-protein antennapedia has been demonstrated to translocate through biological membranes and can facilitate the translocation of heterologous polypeptides to which it is couples. Thus, polypeptides can be fused to a peptide consisting of about amino acids 42–58 of Drosophila antennapedia or shorter fragments for transcytosis. See for example Derossi et al. (1996) J Biol Chem 271:18188–18193; Derossi et al. (1994) J Biol Chem 269:10444–10450; and Perez et al. (1992) J Cell Sci 102:717–722.

(iii) Use of Agents Stimulating Transcription or Polypeptide Activity

In another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound that stimulates the level of expression of a gene of interest or the activity of the polypeptide in a cell is administered to a subject, such that the level of expression of the gene or polypeptide level or activity in the diseased cells is increased or even restored, and the disease is improving in the subject. Compounds may be known in the art or can be identified as further described herein. Compounds may increase the activity of a polypeptide by stabilizing the polypeptide.

4.3. Drug Design and Discovery of Therapeutics

The invention further provides methods for identifying therapeutics that modulate bone and cartilage formation. For example, therapeutics that inhibit bone or cartilage formation can be identified by treating precursor cells with an agent, such as a bone mophogenetic protein, e.g., BMP-2, in the presence or absence of a test compound and determining whether bone or cartilage formation is inhibited or not by the presence of the test compound. The effect on bone or cartilage formation can be measured by determining the level of expression of one or more genes that are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation, e.g., genes set forth in Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7. The assay that is described in the Examples can be used in such assays.

In another embodiment, therapeutics which stimulate bone formation can be identified by contacting precursor cells with a test compound and determining whether bone or cartilage formation is stimulated in the presence of the test compound. A positive control for this assay can be cells treated with an agent known to cause bone or cartilage formation or differentiation, such as BMP-2. Alternatively, gene expression levels can be measured over a time course and the levels compared to those set forth in Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7.

As described above, genes whose modulation of expression improve a disease related to bone or cartilage formation or resorption can be used as targets in drug design and discovery. For example, assays can be conducted to identify molecules that modulate the expression and or activity of genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation.

In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for identifying an agonist or antagonist of a polypeptide, comprising contacting the polypeptide with a test compound under essentially physiological conditions, and determining whether the test compound binds to the polypeptide or not. In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for identifying an agonist or antagonist of a polypeptide, comprising contacting the polypeptide with a test compound under essentially physiological conditions; and determining a biological activity of the polypeptide in the presence of the test compound, wherein a higher or lower biological activity in the presence relative to the absence of the test compound indicates that the test compound is an agonist or antagonist of the polypeptide. Other assays may be based on a change in the polypeptide, e.g., a change in its phosphorylation level.

In another embodiment, an agent that modulates the expression of a gene that is up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation is identified by contacting cells expressing the gene with one or more test compounds, and monitoring the level of expression of the gene, e.g., by directly or indirectly determining the level of the protein encoded by the gene. Alternatively, compounds which modulate the expression of the gene can be identified by conducting assays using the promoter region of a gene and screening for compounds which modify binding of proteins to the promoter region. The nucleotide sequence of the promoter may be described in a publication or available in GenBank. Alternatively, the promoter region of the gene can be isolated, e.g., by screening a genomic library with a probe corresponding to the gene. Such methods are known in the art.

Inhibitors of the polypeptide can also be agents which bind to the polypeptide, and thereby prevent it from functioning normally, or which degrades or causes the polypeptide to be degraded. For example, such an agent can be an antibody or derivative thereof which interacts specifically with the polypeptide. Preferred antibodies are monoclonal antibodies, humanized antibodies, human antibodies, and single chain antibodies. Such antibodies can be prepared and tested as known in the art.

If a polypeptide of interest binds to another polypeptide, drugs can be developed which modulate the activity of the polypeptide by modulating its binding to the other polypeptide (referred to herein as “binding partner”). Cell-free assays can be used to identify compounds which are capable of interacting with the polypeptide or binding partner, to thereby modify the activity of the polypeptide or binding partner. Such a compound can, e.g., modify the structure of the polypeptide or binding partner and thereby effect its activity. Cell-free assays can also be used to identify compounds which modulate the interaction between the polypeptide and a binding partner. In a preferred embodiment, cell-free assays for identifying such compounds consist essentially in a reaction mixture containing the polypeptide and a test compound or a library of test compounds in the presence or absence of a binding partner. A test compound can be, e.g., a derivative of a binding partner, e.g., a biologically inactive peptide, or a small molecule.

Accordingly, one exemplary screening assay of the present invention includes the steps of contacting the polypeptide or functional fragment thereof or a binding partner with a test compound or library of test compounds and detecting the formation of complexes. For detection purposes, the molecule can be labeled with a specific marker and the test compound or library of test compounds labeled with a different marker. Interaction of a test compound with a polypeptide or fragment thereof or binding partner can then be detected by determining the level of the two labels after an incubation step and a washing step. The presence of two labels after the washing step is indicative of an interaction.

An interaction between molecules can also be identified by using real-time BIA (Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, Pharmacia Biosensor AB) which detects surface plasmon resonance (SPR), an optical phenomenon. Detection depends on changes in the mass concentration of macromolecules at the biospecific interface, and does not require any labeling of interactants. In one embodiment, a library of test compounds can be immobilized on a sensor surface, e.g., which forms one wall of a micro-flow cell. A solution containing the polypeptide, functional fragment thereof, polypeptide analog or binding partner is then flown continuously over the sensor surface. A change in the resonance angle as shown on a signal recording, indicates that an interaction has occurred. This technique is further described, e.g., in BIAtechnology Handbook by Pharmacia.

Another exemplary screening assay of the present invention includes the steps of (a) forming a reaction mixture including: (i) a polypeptide of interest, (ii) a binding partner, and (iii) a test compound; and (b) detecting interaction of the polypeptide and the binding partner. The polypeptide and binding partner can be produced recombinantly, purified from a source, e.g., plasma, or chemically synthesized, as described herein. A statistically significant change (potentiation or inhibition) in the interaction of the polypeptide and binding partner in the presence of the test compound, relative to the interaction in the absence of the test compound, indicates a potential agonist (mimetic or potentiator) or antagonist (inhibitor) of the polypeptide bioactivity for the test compound. The compounds of this assay can be contacted simultaneously. Alternatively, the polypeptide can first be contacted with a test compound for an appropriate amount of time, following which the binding partner is added to the reaction mixture. The efficacy of the compound can be assessed by generating dose response curves from data obtained using various concentrations of the test compound. Moreover, a control assay can also be performed to provide a baseline for comparison. In the control assay, isolated and purified polypeptide or binding partner is added to a composition containing the binding partner or polypeptide, and the formation of a complex is quantified in the absence of the test compound.

Complex formation between a polypeptide and a binding partner may be detected by a variety of techniques. Modulation of the formation of complexes can be quantitated using, for example, detectably labeled proteins such as radiolabeled, fluorescently labeled, or enzymatically labeled polypeptides or binding partners, by immunoassay, or by chromatographic detection.

For processes that rely on immunodetection for quantitating one of the proteins trapped in the complex, antibodies against the protein can be used. Alternatively, the protein to be detected in the complex can be “epitope tagged” in the form of a fusion protein which includes, in addition to the polypeptide sequence, a second polypeptide for which antibodies are readily available (e.g. from commercial sources). For instance, the GST fusion proteins described above can also be used for quantification of binding using antibodies against the GST moiety. Other useful epitope tags include myc-epitopes (e.g., see Ellison et al. (1991) J Biol Chem 266:21150–21157) which includes a 10-residue sequence from c-myc, as well as the pFLAG system (International Biotechnologies, Inc.) or the pEZZ-protein A system (Pharmacia, NJ).

Similar assays can be used to identify compounds that bind a protein of interest and thereby inhibit the activity of the protein.

In another embodiment, drugs are designed or optimized by monitoring the level of expression of a plurality of genes, e.g., with microarrays. In one embodiment, compounds are screened by comparing the expression level of one or more genes which are up- or down-regulated (e.g., expression profile) during bone or cartilage formation in a cell, e.g., a cell characteristic of a disease relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption treated with a drug, relative to their expression in a reference cell, e.g., a normal cell. Optionally the expression profile is also compared to that of a cell characteristic of the disease. The comparisons are preferably done by introducing the gene expression profile data of the cell treated with the drug into a computer system comprising reference gene expression profiles which are stored in a computer readable form, using appropriate algorithms. Test compounds will be screened for those which alter the level of expression of genes, so as to bring them to a level that is similar to that in a reference or normal cell of the same type as a cell characteristic of the disease. Compounds which are capable of normalizing the expression of at least about 10%, preferably at least about 20%, 50%, 70%, 80% or 90% of the genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation, are candidate therapeutics.

The efficacy of the compounds can then be tested in additional in vitro assays and in vivo, in animal models, such as the one described in the Examples. The test compound is administered to the test animal and one or more symptoms of the disease are monitored for improvement of the condition of the animal. Expression of one or more genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation can also be measured before and after administration of the test compound to the animal. A normalization of the expression of one or more of these genes is indicative of the efficiency of the compound for treating a disease relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption.

The toxicity, such as resulting from a stress-related response, of a candidate therapeutic compound can be evaluated, e.g., by determining whether it induces the expression of genes known to be associated with a toxic response. Expression of such toxicity related genes may be determined in different cell types, preferably those that are known to express the genes. In a preferred method, microarrays are used for detecting changes in gene expression of genes known to be associated with a toxic response. Changes in gene expression may be a more sensitive marker of human toxicity than routine preclinical safety studies. It was shown, e.g., that a drug which was found not be to toxic in laboratory animals was toxic when administered to humans. When gene profiling was studied in cells contacted with the drug, however, it was found that a gene, whose expression is known to correlate to liver toxicity, was expressed (see below).

Such microarrays will comprise genes which are modulated in response to toxicity or stress. An exemplary array that can be used for that purpose is the Affymetrix Rat Toxicology U34 array, which contains probes of the following genes: metabolism enzymes, e.g., CYP450s, acetyltransferases, and sulfotransferases; growth factors and their receptors, e.g., IGFs, interleukins, NGTs, TGFs, and VEGT; kinases and phosphatases, e.g., lipid kinases, MAFKs, and stress-activated kinases; nuclear receptors, e.g., retinoic acid, retinoid X and PPARs; transcription factors, e.g., oncogenes, STATs, NF-kB, and zinc finger proteins; apoptosis genes, e.g., Bcl-2 genes, Bad, Bax, Caspases and Fas; stress response genes, e.g., heat-shock proteins and drug transporters; membrane proteins, e.g., gap-junction proteins and selectins; and cell-cycle regulators, e.g., cyclins and cyclin-associated proteins. Other genes included in the microarrays are only known because they contain the nucleotide sequence of an EST and because they have a connection with toxicity.

In one embodiment, a drug of interest is incubated with a cell, e.g., a cell in culture, the RNA is extracted, and expression of genes is analyzed with an array containing genes which have been shown to be up- or down-regulated in response to certain toxins. The results of the hybridization are then compared to databases containing expression levels of genes in response to certain known toxins in certain organisms. For example, the GeneLogic ToxExpress™ database can be used for that purpose. The information in this database was obtained in least in part from the use of the Affymetrix GeneChip® rat and human probe arrays with samples treated in vivo or in vitro with known toxins. The database contains levels of expression of liver genes in response to known liver toxins. These data were obtained by treating liver samples from rats treated in vivo with known toxins, and comparing the level of expression of numerous genes with that in rat or human primary hepatocytes treated in vitro with the same toxin. Data profiles can be retrieved and analyzed with the GeneExpress™ database tools, which are designed for complex data management and analysis. As indicated on the Affymetrix (Santa Clara, Calif.) website, the GeneLogic, Inc. (Gaithersburg, Md.) has preformed proof of concept studies showing the changes in gene expression levels can predict toxic events that were not identified by routine preclinical safety testing. GeneLogic tested a drug that had shown no evidence of liver toxicity in rats, but that later showed toxicity in humans. The hybridization results using the Affymetrix GeneChip® and GeneExpress™ tools showed that the drug caused abnormal elevations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), which indicates liver injury, in half of the patients who had used the drug.

In one embodiment of the invention, the drug of interest is administered to an animal, such as a mouse or a rat, at different doses. As negative controls, animals are administered the vehicle alone, e.g., buffer or water. Positive controls can consist of animals treated with drugs known to be toxic. The animals can then be sacrificed at different times, e.g., at 3, 6, and 24 hours, after administration of the drug, vehicle alone or positive control drug, mRNA extracted from a sample of their liver; and the mRNA analyzed using arrays containing nucleic acids of genes which are likely to be indicative of toxicity, e.g., the Affymetrix Rat Toxicology U34 assay. The hybridization results can then be analyzed using computer programs and databases, as described above.

In addition, toxicity of a drug in a subject can be predicted based on the alleles of drug metabolizing genes that are present in a subject. Accordingly, it is known that certain enzymes, e.g., cytochrome p450 enzymes, i.e., CYP450, metabolize drugs, and thereby may render drugs which are innocuous in certain subjects, toxic in others. A commercially available array containing probes of different alleles of such drug metabolizing genes can be obtained, e.g., from Affymetrix (Santa Clara, Calif.), under the name of GeneChip® CYP450 assay.

Thus, a drug for a disease relating to bone or cartilage development identified as described herein can be optimized by reducing any toxicity it may have. Compounds can be derivatized in vitro using known chemical methods and tested for expression of toxicity related genes. The derivatized compounds must also be retested for normalization of expression levels of genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation. For example, the derivatized compounds can be incubated with diseased cells of a disease relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption, and the gene expression profile determined using microarrays. Thus, incubating cells with derivatized compounds and measuring gene expression levels with a microarray that contains the genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation and a microarray containing toxicity related genes, compounds which are effective in treating diseases relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption and which are not toxic can be developed. Such compounds can further be tested in animal models as described above.

In another embodiment of the invention, a drug is developed by rational drug design, i.e., it is designed or identified based on information stored in computer readable form and analyzed by algorithms. More and more databases of expression profiles are currently being established, numerous ones being publicly available. By screening such databases for the description of drugs affecting the expression of at least some of the genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation in a manner similar to the change in gene expression profile from a cell characteristic of a disease related to bone or cartilage formation or resorption to that of a normal counterpart cell, compounds can be identified which normalize gene expression in a cell characteristic of such a disease. Derivatives and analogues of such compounds can then be synthesized to optimize the activity of the compound, and tested and optimized as described above.

Compounds identified by the methods described above are within the scope of the invention. Compositions comprising such compounds, in particular, compositions comprising a pharmaceutically efficient amount of the drug in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are also provided. Certain compositions comprise one or more active compounds for treating diseases relating to bone or cartilage development.

4.4. Exemplary Therapeutic Compositions

Therapeutic compositions include the compounds described herein, e.g., in the context of therapeutic treatments of diseases relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption. Therapeutic compositions may comprise one or more nucleic acids encoding a polypeptide characteristic of a disease relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption, or equivalents thereof. The nucleic acids may be in expression vectors, e.g., viral vectors. Other compositions comprise one or more polypeptides that are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation, or equivalents thereof. Yet other compositions comprise nucleic acids encoding antisense RNA, or ribozymes, siRNAs or RNA aptamers. Also within the scope of the invention are compositions comprising compounds identified by the methods described herein. The compositions may comprise pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and may be contained in a device for their administration, e.g., a syringe.

4.5. Administration of Compounds and Compositions of the Invention

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method for treating a subject having a disease relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention.

4.5.1. Effective Dose

Compounds of the invention refer to small molecules, polypeptides, peptide mimetics, nucleic acids or any other molecule identified as potentially useful for treating diseases relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption.

Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD50 (The Dose Lethal To 50% Of The Population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio LD50/ED50. Compounds which exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. While compounds that exhibit toxic side effects may be used, care should be taken to design a delivery system that targets such compounds to the site of affected tissue in order to minimize potential damage to healthy cells and, thereby, reduce side effects.

Data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans. The dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED₅₀ with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. For any compound used in the method of the invention, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. A dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the IC₅₀ (i.e., the concentration of the test compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans. Levels in plasma may be measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.

4.5.2. Formulation

Pharmaceutical compositions for use in accordance with the present invention may be formulated in conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers or excipients. Thus, the compounds and their physiologically acceptable salts and solvates may be formulated for administration by, for example, injection, inhalation or insufflation (either through the mouth or the nose) or oral, buccal, parenteral or rectal administration. In one embodiment, the compound is administered locally, at the site where the diseased cells are present, e.g., in bone, cartilage, mesenchymal tissue, muscular tissue or in a joint.

The compounds of the invention can be formulated for a variety of loads of administration, including systemic and topical or localized administration. Techniques and formulations generally may be found in Remmington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meade Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. For systemic administration, injection is preferred, including intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous. For injection, the compounds of the invention can be formulated in liquid solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's solution or Ringer's solution. In addition, the compounds may be formulated in solid form and redissolved or suspended immediately prior to use. Lyophilized forms are also included.

For oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions may take the form of, for example, tablets, lozanges, or capsules prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (e.g., pregelatinised maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g., lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrants (e.g., potato starch or sodium starch glycolate); or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate). The tablets may be coated by methods well known in the art. Liquid preparations for oral administration may take the form of, for example, solutions, syrups or suspensions, or they may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, cellulose derivatives or hydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agents (e.g., lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous vehicles (e.g., ationd oil, oily esters, ethyl alcohol or fractionated vegetable oils); and preservatives (e.g., methyl or propyl-p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid). The preparations may also contain buffer salts, flavoring, coloring and sweetening agents as appropriate. Preparations for oral administration may be suitably formulated to give controlled release of the active compound.

For administration by inhalation, the compounds for use according to the present invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebuliser, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsules and cartridges of e.g., gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.

The compounds may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.

The compounds may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.

In addition to the formulations described previously, the compounds may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection. Thus, for example, the compounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.

Administration, e.g., systemic administration, can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration bile salts and fusidic acid derivatives. In addition, detergents may be used to facilitate permeation. Transmucosal administration may be through nasal sprays or using suppositories. For topical administration, the compounds of the invention can be formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art. A wash solution can be used locally to treat an injury or inflammation to accelerate healing.

In clinical settings, a gene delivery system for a gene of interest can be introduced into a patient by any of a number of methods, each of which is familiar in the art. For instance, a pharmaceutical preparation of the gene delivery system can be introduced systemically, e.g., by intravenous injection, and specific transduction of the protein in the target cells occurs predominantly from specificity of transfection provided by the gene delivery vehicle, cell-type or tissue-type expression due to the transcriptional regulatory sequences controlling expression of the receptor gene, or a combination thereof. In other embodiments, initial delivery of the recombinant gene is more limited with introduction into the subject or animal being quite localized. For example, the gene delivery vehicle can be introduced by catheter (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,470) or by stereotactic injection (e.g., Chen et al. (1994) PNAS 91: 3054–3057). A nucleic acid, such as one encoding a polypeptide of interest or homologue thereof can be delivered in a gene therapy construct by electroporation using techniques described, for example, by Dev et al. ((1994) Cancer Treat Rev 20:105–115). Gene therapy can be conducted in vivo or ex vivo.

The pharmaceutical preparation of the gene therapy construct or compound of the invention can consist essentially of the gene delivery system in an acceptable diluent, or can comprise a slow release matrix in which the gene delivery vehicle or compound is imbedded. Alternatively, where the complete gene delivery system can be produced intact from recombinant cells, e.g., retroviral vectors, the pharmaceutical preparation can comprise one or more cells which produce the gene delivery system.

The compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient. The pack may for example comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack. The pack or dispenser device may be accompanied by instructions for administration.

The therapeutic method may include administering the composition topically, systematically, or locally as an implant or device. When administered, the therapeutic composition for use in this invention is, of course, in a pyrogen-free, physiologically acceptable form. Further, the composition may desirably be encapsulated or injected in a viscous form for delivery to the site of bone, cartilage, tissue damage or diseased cells. Topical administration may be suitable for wound healing and tissue repair. Therapeutically useful agents other than the gene-specific therapeutics which may also optionally be included in the composition as described above, may alternatively or additionally, be administered simultaneously or sequentially with a composition of the invention. The compositions of the invention may be employed in association with surgery. Preferably for bone and/or cartilage formation, the composition would include a matrix capable of delivering the therapeutics to the site of bone and/or cartilage damage or other target site, providing a structure for the developing bone and cartilage and optimally capable of being resorbed into the body. Such matrices may be formed of materials presently in use for other implanted medical applications.

The choice of matrix material may be based on biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical properties, cosmetic appearance and interface properties. The particular application of the compositions of the invention will define the appropriate formulation. Potential matrices for the compositions may be biodegradable and chemically defined calcium sulfate, tricalciumphosphate, hydroxyapatite, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid and polyanhydrides. Other potential materials are biodegradable and biologically well defined, such as bone or dermal collagen. Further matrices are comprised of pure proteins or extracellular matrix components. Other potential matrices are nonbiodegradable and chemically defined, such as sintered hydroxyapatite, bioglass, aluminates, or other ceramics. Matrices may be comprised of combinations of any of the above mentioned types of material, such as polylactic acid and hydroxyapatite or collagen and tricalciumphosphate. The bioceramics may be altered in composition, such as in calcium-aluminate-phosphate and processing to alter pore size, particle size, particle shape, and biodegradability.

The dosage regimen will be determined by the attending physician considering various factors which modify the action of the therapeutics, e.g. amount of bone weight desired to be formed, the site of bone damage or diseased cells, the condition of the damaged bone, the type of disease, the size of a wound, type of damaged tissue, the patient's age, sex, and diet, the severity of any infection, time of administration and other clinical factors. The dosage may vary with the type of matrix used in the reconstitution and the types of therapeutics in the composition. The addition of other known growth factors, such as BMP-2 and IGF I (insulin like growth factor I), to the final composition, may also effect the dosage. Progress can be monitored by periodic assessment of bone growth and/or repair, for example, x-rays, histomorphometric determinations and tetracycline labeling.

5. Exemplary Kits

The invention further provides kits for determining the expression level of genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation or resorption. The kits may be useful for identifying subjects that are predisposed to developing or who have a disease relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption, as well as for identifying and validating therapeutics for such diseases. In one embodiment, the kit comprises a computer readable medium on which is stored one or more gene expression profiles, e.g., of cells differentiating into bone or cartilage cells, or of diseased cells of a disease relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption, or at least values representing levels of expression of one or more genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation. The computer readable medium can also comprise gene expression profiles of counterpart normal cells, such as the expression profiles set forth in Tables 1, 2, 5, 6 and/or 7; diseased cells treated with a drug, and any other gene expression profile described herein. The kit can comprise expression profile analysis software capable of being loaded into the memory of a computer system.

A kit can comprise a microarray comprising probes of genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation. A kit can comprise one or more probes or primers for detecting the expression level of one or more genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation and/or a solid support on which probes are attached and which can be used for detecting expression of one or more genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation in a sample. A kit may further comprise nucleic acid controls, buffers, and instructions for use.

Other kits provide compositions for treating a disease relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption. For example, a kit may comprise one or more nucleic acids corresponding to one or more genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation, e.g., for use in treating a patient having a disease relating to bone or cartilage formation or resorption. The nucleic acids can be included in a plasmid or a vector, e.g., a viral vector. Other kits comprise a polypeptide encoded by a gene that is up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation or an antibody to a polypeptide. Yet other kits comprise compounds identified herein as agonists or antagonists of genes which are up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation. The compositions may be pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Yet other kits comprise components for the identification of drugs that modulate the activity of a protein encoded by a gene that is up- or down-regulated during bone or cartilage formation. Exemplary kits may comprise a polypeptide encoded by a gene or a nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide that is listed in any of the Tables described herein.

The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples which should not be construed as limiting in any way. The contents of all cited references including literature references, issued patents, published and non published patent applications as cited throughout this application, as well as those listed below, are hereby expressly incorporated by reference.

Bork, P. (1993) FEBS Lett. 327:125–130; Kothapalli, D., et al. (1998) FASEB J. 12:1151–1161; Bond, J. S. and Benyon, R. J. (1995) Protein Sci. 4:1247–1261; Stocker, W., et al. (1995) Protein Sci. 4:823–840; Kessler, E., et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276: 27051–27057; Kessler, E., et al. (1996) Science 271: 360–362; Jakob, M., et al. (2001) J. Cell Biochem. 81: 368–377; Hiraki, Y., et al. (1988) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 969: 91–99; Scott, I. C., et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275: 30504–30511; Hansen, K., et al. (1997) FEBS Lett. 409: 195–200, 1997; Hansen, K., et al. (1997) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 241: 355–362, 1997; Jahner, D. and Hunter, T. (1991) Mol. Cell Biol. 11: 3682–3690.

The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of cell biology, cell culture, molecular biology, transgenic biology, microbiology, recombinant DNA, and immunology, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. (See, for example, Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., ed. by Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: 1989); DNA Cloning, Volumes I and II (D. N. Glover ed., 1985); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (M. J. Gait ed., 1984); Mullis et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195; Nucleic Acid Hybridization (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); Transcription And Translation (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); (R. I. Freshney, Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1987); Immobilized Cells And Enzymes (IRL Press, 1986); B. Perbal, A Practical Guide To Molecular Cloning (1984); the treatise, Methods In Enzymology (Academic Press, Inc., N.Y.); Gene Transfer Vectors For Mammalian Cells (J. H. Miller and M. P. Calos eds., 1987, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory); Vols. 154 and 155 (Wu et al. eds.), Immunochemical Methods In Cell And Molecular Biology (Mayer and Walker, eds., Academic Press, London, 1987); Handbook Of Experimental Immunology, Volumes I–IV (D. M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell, eds., 1986) (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1986).

EXAMPLES Example 1

This Example describes the identification of genes which are up- and down-regulated during hBMP-2 induced ectopic bone formation in mouse quadriceps muscles The following animal model of ectopic bone formation was used. Human BMP-2 (Wyeth Research Division of Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) was diluted to a final concentration of 1 mg/ml in formulation buffer (0.5% sucrose, 2.5% glycine, 5 mM L-glutamic acid, 5 mM NaCl, 0.01% polysorbate 80, pH 4.5) (Wyeth Research Division of Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc., MFR00842). Female B6.CB17-Prkdc<SCID>SzJ mice (14 weeks of age; Jackson Lab.) were randomly assigned to either a control or an experimental group. Mice in the control group were injected with 50 μl of formulation buffer into the quadriceps muscle of each leg. Similarly, mice in the experimental group were injected with 50 μg of recombinant human BMP-2 (hBMP-2) in formulation buffer. Care was taken to ensure that each injection was made into the middle of the muscle mass. In both groups, three mice were used for each time point. Mice were euthanized on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 14. The entire quadriceps muscle was removed from each leg and muscles selected for RNA analysis were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 degrees Celsius. Total RNA was prepared for each sample. Equal amounts of RNA from the three control samples were pooled to create a single control sample for each time point.

GeneChip (Affymetrix, San Jose, Calif.) hybridization solutions were prepared as described previously (Lockhart, D. J., et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnol. 14:1675–1680 and Wilson, S. B., et al. (2000) Proc. Nat. Acad Sci. USA 97:7411–7416). Murine Genome U74 chips (Affymetrix cat. # 900322, 900324, 900326) were scanned with the use of protocols recommended by Affymetrix and data was collected/reduced with the use of the GeneChip 3.1 application (Affymetrix). To identify differentially expressed genes, GeneChip 3.1 was used to make three separate, time-matched, comparisons between a “pooled” buffer (control) and three hBMP-2 (experimental) samples.

Changes in gene expression, for each day of the experiment, were compiled into an Excel table. This table contained only those genes that satisfied the following two criteria for at least one time point of the experiment: i) the gene was Present in either or both the control and experimental samples; and ii) relative to the control sample, gene expression in the experimental sample was called Increasing or Decreasing. This composite table was imported into GeneSpring 3.2.12 (Silicon Genetics) for graphical analysis and for the creation of the expression profile gene lists. Table 1 lists genes on the U74 arrays that show at least a two-fold increase in gene expression on at least one day of the experiment. Table 2 lists genes on the U74 arrays that show at least a two-fold decrease in gene expression on at least one day of the experiment.

An expression analysis using the RNA obtained as described above was also conducted on another gene microarray design called Mula (Wyeth Research Division of Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc.). Genes which were found to be up- or down-regulated by a factor of at least about 4 are set forth in Tables 5 and 6. The numbers represent fold change (Gene Frequency_(BMP-2)/Gene Frequency_(Buffer)) in gene expression+the standard deviation (n=3). The genes listed in Table 6 and many others listed in Tables 1 and 2 do not appear to have been associated with bone or cartilage formation before.

Example 2 MMP23 and CLF-1 are Up-Regulated During Bone and Cartilage Formation

Two genes which have not previously been known to be associated with bone or cartilage development appear to be up-regulated at very high levels. The first gene is Cytokine Receptor-like Factor 1 (CLF-1) and the second gene is Matrix MetalloProtease 23 (MMP23). Graphs representing the change in gene expression of each of these genes over time during bone formation in the above-described animal model are set forth in FIGS. 1 and 2. These graphs show that CLF-1 is maximally up-regulated about 15 fold and MMP23 is maximally upregulated about 40 fold.

To identify cells that express MMP23 and CLF-1, in situ hybridization was performed on tissue sections from mucles of mice injected or not with recombinant hBMP-2. No signal was detected with a sense or antisense probe directed against the message for CLF-1 in any cell type or at any time point in sections from muscles injected with buffer only. In contrast, the anti-sense probe was detected in sections from muscle injected with hBMP-2. Staining was detected at all time points in this treatment group, and these results are summarized in Table 3. In particular, staining was observed in hypertrophic chondrocytes on day 7 and osteoblasts and some marrow cells on day 14.

No signal was detected with a sense or antisense probe directed against the message for MMP23 in any cell type or at any time point in sections from muscles injected with buffer only. In contrast, the anti-sense probe detected MMP23 mRNA in sections from muscles injected with hBMP-2. Staining was detected at all time points in this treatment group, and these results are summarized in Table 4. Staining was observed in hypertrophic chondrocytes and osteblasts on days 7 and 14, respectively.

TABLE 3 Summary of cells stained with an antisense probe for CLF-1 mRNA* CLF-1 mRNA Day Treatment Positive Cell 1 2 3 4 7 14 BUFFER Fibroblast Macrophage Chondrocyte- N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A like Chondrocyte N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Marrow cell N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Osteoblast/ N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Osteocyte HBMP-2 Fibroblast + ++ ++ ++ − − Macrophage ++ + ++ ++ − − Chondrocyte- N/A N/A N/A ++ N/A N/A like Chondrocyte N/A N/A N/A N/A + N/A Marrow cell N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A + Osteoblast/ N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A + Osteocyte *Binding of sense probe was not detected in either treatment group. N/A: Cell type not present in section. +: Slight staining intensity ++: Mild staining intensity −: Staining not detected

TABLE 4 Summary of cells stained with an antisense probe for MMP23 mRNA* MMP23 mRNA Day Treatment Positive Cell 1 2 3 4 7 14 BUFFER Fibroblast Macrophage Chondrocyte- N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A like Chondrocyte N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Marrow cell N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Osteoblast/ N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Osteocyte HBMP-2 Fibroblast + − − − − − Macrophage + − − − − − Chondrocyte- N/A N/A N/A + N/A N/A like Chondrocyte N/A N/A N/A N/A + N/A Marrow cell N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A − Osteoblast/ N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A + Osteocyte *Binding of sense probe was not detected in either treatment group. N/A: Cell type not present in section. +: Slight staining intensity ++: Mild staining intensity −: Staining not detected

Accordingly, the results show for the first time that CLF-1 and MMP23 are expressed in cells associated with bone and cartilage. These genes will thus be useful targets in diagnostics and in drug design for diseases relating to bone and cartilage formation.

Example 3 Patterns of Gene Expression During Particular Phases of Bone Formation

To identify genes with a particular expression profile, genes in Tables 5 and 6 were analyzed with the use of GeneSpring, a data analysis program (Silicon Genetics, Redwood City, Calif.). GeneSpring identified genes whose time-dependent expression profiles correlated with the profiles of an exemplar gene. The correlation was based upon the program's standard correlation calculation, within the “Find Similar” function, and the confidence level was set to 95%. Four exemplar genes, cysteine rich protein 61 (Cyr61), procollagen type II alpha I (Col2a1), runt related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and cathepsin K (Ctsk), were selected because their protein products appear to be phenotypic markers of one or more phases of endochondral bone formation. Cyr61 is a member of the CCN family of growth factors and is believed to regulate the proliferation and differentiation of various connective tissue cell types. Col2a1, Runx2 and Ctsk are well-defined markers for chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts, respectively. The four lists (one for each exemplar gene) of genes were compiled to create Table 7 and all genes were segregated according to their membership in either Tables 5 or 6.

The temporal patterns of gene expression (Tables 5 and 6) suggest at least two possibilities. The first possibility for the observed temporal patterns of gene expression is that there is some role for the gene products during the phase of bone formation in this model system. The second possibility is that patterns similar to the profiles of the exemplar genes in FIG. 3 may reveal some degree of gene co-regulation or functional connections between gene products. This comparative analysis can be made qualitatively, by a visual inspection of the time-dependent expression profiles in Tables 5 and 6, or quantitatively. Quantitatively, a data analysis program called GeneSpring identified genes having expression profiles similar those of Cyr61, Col2a1, Runx2 and Ctsk and these genes are listed in Table 7. Of the four exemplar genes, the correlation with Runx2 yielded the highest number of genes. It is interesting to note that several of the Runx2-like gene products from Table 5 (Bmpl, Pcolce, Col5a1 and Bgn) have been functionally linked in earlier studies of extracellular matrix proteins. For example, bone morphogenetic protein-1 (Bmp1), a member of the astacin family of proteases, is also known as procollagen C-proteinase and is capable of processing several forms of procollagen. Procollagen C-proteinase enhancer (Pcolce) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that binds to procollagen I and enhances the proteolytic activity of Bmp1 (which is also capable of processing procollagen, type V alpha 1 (Col5a1) and probiglycan (Bgn). Similarly, several Runx2-like gene products from Table 6 (Pdgfrb, Fyn and Arhb) have been functionally linked. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (pdgfrb) initiates a signaling cascade when activated by ligand. PDGF-BB, one of several ligands for Pdgfrb, has been shown to be an important growth factor for many cell types, including chondrocytes. Once activated by ligand, Pdgfrb has been shown to induce the phosphorylation and activation of Fyn, a member of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases, in porcine aortic endothelial cells. In addition, Rat-2 fibroblasts exposed to PDGF showed an increase in rhoB (Arhb; a member of the ras gene superfamily whose products are GTP binding proteins) gene expression.

EQUIVALENTS

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents of the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

TABLE 1 Treatment Time BMP2 BMP2 BMP2 BMP2 BMP2 BMP2 day 01 day 02 day 03 day 04 day 07 day14 Affymetrix Avg. Fold Avg. Fold Avg. Fold Avg. Fold Avg. Fold Avg. Fold Genbank Qualifier Change Change Change Change Change Change Gene Name Accession # 110451_at 2.76 4.33 4.35 2.49 0.00 3.90 UNK_AI646968 AI646968 92315_at 2.86 0.00 6.24 8.35 0.00 3.87 SLFN4 AF099977 93285_at 0.00 2.14 2.31 2.81 0.00 2.94 UNK_AI845584 AI845584 103563_at 0.00 4.54 5.11 2.68 0.00 5.42 UNK_AW125713 AW125713 107566_at 0.00 1.55 3.55 3.44 2.08 17.15 UNK_AI849532 AI849532 115395_at 0.00 2.23 3.68 2.97 0.00 2.37 UNK_AW208422 AW208422 92718_at 0.00 1.68 2.17 3.31 0.00 2.34 UNK_AI158810 AI158810 93975_at 0.00 1.77 2.83 3.21 0.00 3.81 33 POLYPEPTIDE AI853531 [R. NORVEGICUS] 96752_at 1.65 2.58 0.00 3.13 0.00 2.46 ICAM1 M90551 103446_at 0.00 0.00 3.81 5.48 0.00 3.13 UNK_AA959954 AA959954 104177_at 0.00 0.00 3.59 2.98 0.00 2.50 UNK_AA204579 AA204579 104252_at 0.00 0.00 2.17 2.34 0.00 2.47 UNK_AW123823 AW123823 108877_at 0.00 0.00 2.69 2.18 0.00 2.40 UNK_AI790579 AI790579 109102_r_at 0.00 1.67 2.79 2.38 0.00 2.61 UNK_AI838972 AI838972 109922_at 0.00 3.60 0.00 4.21 0.00 3.09 UNK_AW122872 AW122872 112478_at 0.00 0.00 2.02 2.33 0.00 2.33 UNK_AI853409 AI853409 112671_at 0.00 0.00 2.84 5.17 0.00 3.73 UNK_AW122101 AW122101 113758_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.78 3.50 23.28 UNK_AI843230 AI843230 115573_at 0.00 4.17 3.10 0.00 0.00 2.99 UNK_AW047581 AW047581 130459_at 0.00 2.06 3.92 4.75 −1.78 0.00 UNK_AI845691 AI845691 136655_f_at 0.00 0.00 2.87 3.14 0.00 2.39 UNK_AI841502 AI841502 94354_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.22 0.00 3.75 UNK_AI845514 AI845514 95303_at 1.49 2.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.63 0 AA144469 96481_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.83 36.90 UNK_AV251613 AV251613 97448_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.66 0.00 2.62 UNK_AI845165 AI845165 100880_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.42 0.00 4.34 UNK_AA816121 AA816121 101327_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.17 0.00 4.31 UNK_U82610 U82610 103672_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.19 0.00 2.02 UNK_AW122572 AW122572 104193_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.01 0.00 2.39 UNK_AW047583 AW047583 104195_at 0.00 1.87 0.00 3.08 0.00 2.77 UNK_AA939440 AA939440 106500_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.13 0.00 2.86 UNK_AI642841 AI642841 106583_at 0.00 1.46 0.00 2.34 0.00 2.21 UNK_AI851530 AI851530 106644_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.64 0.00 6.71 UNK_AW047110 AW047110 106957_f_at 0.00 0.00 2.15 0.00 0.00 3.34 UNK_AI790368 AI790368 108494_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.39 0.00 3.23 UNK_AW123118 AW123118 109099_at 0.00 0.00 2.31 0.00 0.00 2.30 UNK_AW049860 AW049860 109345_at 1.60 2.28 2.23 1.95 0.00 1.75 UNK_AA711635 AA711635 112015_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.37 0.00 5.77 UNK_AI551067 AI551067 112908_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.18 0.00 2.63 UNK_AI849021 AI849021 113181_r_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.41 0.00 3.28 UNK_AW125085 AW125085 113248_at 0.00 1.70 2.32 0.00 0.00 3.11 UNK_AI837648 AI837648 113724_at 0.00 0.48 2.16 1.55 1.17 7.05 UNK_AI848964 AI848964 113865_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.39 0.00 2.52 UNK_AA231562 AA231562 114306_at 0.00 0.00 2.13 0.00 0.00 2.92 UNK_AI593556 AI593556 114380_at 0.00 1.57 0.00 2.43 0.00 3.41 UNK_AA959464 AA959464 115397_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.18 0.00 4.45 UNK_AA727857 AA727857 115453_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.04 23.84 UNK_AA764584 AA764584 115520_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.91 0.00 3.20 UNK_AA163981 AA163981 115874_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.93 0.00 3.18 UNK_AW046286 AW046286 116418_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.54 0.00 5.07 UNK_AA839780 AA839780 117265_at 0.00 0.00 2.93 0.00 0.00 4.66 UNK_AI853644 AI853644 134205_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.79 0.00 2.04 UNK_AI482096 AI482096 134405_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.03 0.00 3.36 UNK_AI662230 AI662230 138037_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.32 0.00 2.43 UNK_AI851460 AI851460 92378_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.69 UNK_AI849305 AI849305 92474_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.13 UNK_AF083497 AF083497 93153_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 2.46 UNK_AW124433 AW124433 93475_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.60 UNK_AI845581 AI845581 93482_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.28 UNK_AI117835 AI117835 93647_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.25 UNK_AI152195 AI152195 93837_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.92 UNK_AI786089 AI786089 94347_i_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.23 UNK_AW124044 AW124044 94352_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.50 UNK_AI850675 AI850675 94362_at 0.00 1.77 0.00 2.00 0.00 1.81 UNK_AI843682 AI843682 94364_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.74 UNK_AI847926 AI847926 94460_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.78 0.00 2.16 UNK_AA691445 AA691445 94471_r_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.86 UNK_AW045974 AW045974 94512_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.95 0.00 2.91 UNK_AI843210 AI843210 95165_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.48 0 AA409156 95620_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.11 UNK_AW120882 AW120882 95914_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.09 UNK_AA177382 AA177382 96165_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.08 UNK_AW125109 AW125109 96172_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.73 UNK_AA795946 AA795946 96187_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.40 UNK_AI837021 AI837021 96785_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.14 UNK_AF110520 AF110520 96790_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.16 UNK_AW125222 AW125222 96806_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.70 UNK_AI843802 AI843802 96862_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.98 0.00 2.03 UNK_AI848584 AI848584 96881_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.79 0.00 2.31 UNK_AW049394 AW049394 97131_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.66 UNK_AW124615 AW124615 97197_r_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.21 0.00 1.78 UNK_C78850 C78850 97386_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.29 UNK_AI853294 AI853294 97598_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.27 UNK_AW209139 AW209139 97864_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.90 UNK_AW258842 AW258842 97866_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.12 UNK_AI842858 AI842858 97944_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.30 UNK_AF099808 AF099808 97967_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.08 UNK_AA881438 AA881438 98104_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.65 UNK_AI842889 AI842889 98154_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.56 0.00 1.79 UNK_AW050133 AW050133 98572_at 0.00 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0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.57 UNK_AW045989 AW045989 103582_r_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.59 UNK_AI845633 AI845633 103678_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.22 UNK_AI841139 AI841139 103697_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.81 UNK_AW061234 AW061234 103901_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.52 UNK_AW213777 AW213777 103923_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.09 UNK_AA656014 AA656014 103957_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.38 2.04 Trfr X57349 104036_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.39 UNK_AI845447 AI845447 104058_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.82 0.00 2.49 UNK_AW047528 AW047528 104118_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.29 UNK_AW123781 AW123781 104150_at 0.00 2.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.72 UNK_AW121957 AW121957 104274_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.47 UNK_AW124843 AW124843 104316_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.69 UNK_AI646098 AI646098 104326_at 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 2.48 UNK_AI838951 AI838951 104477_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.25 UNK_AW047643 AW047643 104494_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.16 UNK_AI642098 AI642098 104513_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 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AI851915 117056_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.24 UNK_AI837103 AI837103 117120_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.42 UNK_AW124145 AW124145 117263_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.90 UNK_AI850544 AI850544 117297_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.56 UNK_AI846211 AI846211 117302_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.95 UNK_AI847477 AI847477 128837_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.79 UNK_AA726602 AA726602 129125_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.05 UNK_AA475062 AA475062 129284_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.32 UNK_AA154872 AA154872 129320_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.25 UNK_AI593773 AI593773 130499_at 0.00 −1.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.16 UNK_AW108404 AW108404 132374_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.21 UNK_AI467276 AI467276 133489_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.65 0.00 2.50 UNK_AI449387 AI449387 133743_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.92 UNK_AI467607 AI467607 133851_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.80 0.00 2.39 UNK_AU019736 AU019736 134141_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.08 UNK_AA189644 AA189644 135248_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.48 UNK_AI843905 AI843905 135716_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.37 UNK_AI836970 AI836970 136580_at 0.00 1.40 0.00 2.03 0.00 1.59 UNK_AI428854 AI428854 136798_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.31 UNK_AI536255 AI536255 137203_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.09 UNK_AI661008 AI661008 137569_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.28 UNK_AI605650 AI605650 139200_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.05 UNK_AW045408 AW045408 140629_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.28 0.00 2.38 UNK_AI506220 AI506220 140759_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.94 UNK_AI646554 AI646554 140820_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.91 UNK_AI662586 AI662586 140840_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.96 UNK_AI791094 AI791094 94079_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.57 homolog X61452 (Drosophila); Pnutl2 110428_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.81 0.00 2.31 UNK_AA797538 AA797538 112746_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.54 UNK_AW260381 AW260381 102873_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.90 0.00 2.96 TAP2 U60091 98859_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.40 5.86 101.96 tartrate resistant; M99054 Acp5 99104_at 0.00 −0.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.83 ACRP30 U49915 98589_at 0.00 1.38 0.00 2.93 0.00 2.22 differentiation M93275 related protein; Adfp 99559_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.62 dehydrogenase U14390 family 3, subfamily A2; Aldh3a2 93354_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.14 Apoc1 Z22661 104155_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.14 transcription factor U19118 3; Atf3 95744_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.19 ATPase, H+ U13837 transporting, lysosomal (vacuolar proton pump), alpha 70 kDa, isoform 2; 92597_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.95 ATPase, H+ U13838 transporting, lysosomal (vacuolar proton pump), beta 56/58 kDa, isoform 2; 92598_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.12 ATP6B2 AI843029 94532_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.12 transporting U13841 lysosomal (vacuolar proton pump), 32 kDa; Atp6e 103205_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.48 7.29 36.60 ATP6I AI286861 130186_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.13 ATP6I AW211999 96919_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.22 vacuolar proton M64298 channel; Atpl 94043_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.47 ATP6S1 AB031290 112716_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.06 UNK_AW122682 AW122682 94189_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.17 BAZF AB011665 100336_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.91 53.48 BGLAP1 L24431 93605_r_at −1.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.12 BL2 AF061260 92982_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.65 bone morphogenetic M97017 protein 8a; Bmp8a 96255_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.02 BNIP3L AF067395 92668_at 0.00 2.99 1.99 1.78 0.00 3.12 agammaglobulinemia L10627 tyrosine kinase; Btk 106304_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.83 C1S AW215831 112110_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.07 CAMKK AI843712 92642_at 0.00 0.00 −2.16 0.00 −2.62 5.27 CAR2 M25944 102905_at 0.00 1.80 0.00 2.52 0.00 1.94 CASP11 Y13089 98437_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.81 CASP3 U63720 98498_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.75 0.00 2.28 CASP7 D86353 97832_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.22 CD97 AA754887 98447_at 0.00 1.36 1.37 1.74 0.00 2.25 binding protein M62362 (C/EBP), alpha; Cebpa 114787_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.46 UNK_AW107224 AW107224 102027_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.16 CHETK AA204010 92694_at 2.21 2.77 2.17 0.00 0.00 3.52 Chi3I3 M94584 99070_at 0.00 0.00 1.95 2.74 0.00 2.05 conserved helix-loop- U12473 helix ubiquitous kinase; Chuk 137242_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 27.84 CKB AI836689 93595_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.11 CLN2 AF111172 99413_at 2.76 5.61 2.96 3.04 2.59 16.03 CMKBR1 U29678 134879_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.62 COL11A2 AI324726 98782_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.10 complexin 2; Cplx2 D38613 93198_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.45 colony stimulating M58288 factor 3 receptor (granulocyte); Csf3r 95608_at 0.00 1.92 2.08 3.00 0.00 2.77 CTSB AI851255 104696_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.99 CTSE AJ009840 97336_at 0.00 −2.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.12 UNK_AJ131851 AJ131851 100069_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.27 cytochrome P450, M77497 2f2; Cyp2f2 97526_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.67 LOC55946 AW123294 101960_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.59 0.00 1.98 D10WSU52E AI842208 114696_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.72 UNK_AW046335 AW046335 112306_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.37 UNK_AW121212 AW121212 92610_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.19 0.00 2.64 DNA segment, Chr M21332 17, human D6S45; D17H6S45 104391_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.95 D17WSU51E AI850563 115816_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.54 UNK_AA869817 AA869817 103877_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.28 D2WSU58E AW060485 99143_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.35 TTGN1 AA614914 113046_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.45 TTGN1 AI842091 96561_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.30 UNK_AI157475 AI157475 108293_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.29 UNK_AI592230 AI592230 97863_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.09 UNK_AW125274 AW125274 110406_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.63 UNK_AA958839 AA958839 99506_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.25 DAPK2 AB018002 99025_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.32 Ala-Asp/His) box L25125 polypeptide 19; Ddx19 104371_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.06 DGAT AF078752 99881_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.49 DKK1 AF030433 99328_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.37 distal-less U79738 homeobox 3; Dlx3 99903_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.98 51.29 DMP1 AJ242625 114809_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.58 DOKL-PENDING AW046136 94052_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.34 DPM2 AB013360 92535_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.27 Ebf L12147 104492_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.18 early B-cell factor 3; U92702 Ebf3 102996_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.11 lysine-rich leukemia U80227 gene; Ell 92207_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.03 elastin; Eln U08210 107900_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.56 0.00 2.12 UNK_AW123554 AW123554 102771_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.62 ESET AF091628 107996_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.27 ESTM573010 AW049050 92267_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.46 F2R L03529 94307_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.38 fibulin 1; Fbln1 X70854 100928_at −4.16 0.00 0.00 2.21 −0.01 19.58 fibulin 2; Fbln2 X75285 102366_at 0.00 0.00 −5.06 −3.75 0.00 2.31 UNK_AA718169 AA718169 95295_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.74 FMS-like tyrosine X59398 kinase 3; Flt3 101422_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.07 FNBP4 AW121377 92959_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.21 B-cell src-homology Z48757 tyrosine kinase; Frk 102016_at 0.00 −1.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.68 fat specific gene 27; M61737 Fsp27 94966_at 0.00 1.70 0.00 1.97 0.00 2.99 phosphate Z11911 dehydrogenase X- linked; G6pdx 100407_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.99 galanin; Gal L38580 96998_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.44 UNK_AJ133523 AJ133523 94813_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.85 growth arrest X65128 specific 1; Gas1 104597_at 0.00 0.00 3.30 2.90 0.00 6.62 GBP2 AJ007970 104134_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.51 GDAP2 Y17851 92534_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.86 (gene U10551 overexpressed in skeletal muscle); 102968_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.69 GGTLA1 AF077765 97384_at 0.00 2.67 3.42 0.00 0.00 2.09 UNK_AA791012 AA791012 100514_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.43 guanine nudeotide M63660 binding protein, alpha 13; Gna13 93080_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.13 GNG3LG AF069954 97385_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.76 GNK-PENDING AJ242909 100565_at 0.00 1.93 2.25 2.33 0.00 2.45 GNPI AW123396 96553_at 0.00 2.13 3.60 0.00 0.00 1.56 G-protein coupled U39827 receptor 25; Gpcr25 100594_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.29 0.00 2.00 glycosylphosphatidyl AB008895 inositol 1 homolog (human); Gpi1h 104256_at 1.79 1.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.53 UNK_AI120844 AI120844 102995_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.21 GZMA M13226 93092_at 0.00 1.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.62 histocompatibility 2, U35323 class II, locus Dma, histocompatibility 2, class II, locus Mb1, histocompatibility 2, class II, locus Mb2, proteosome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type 9 (large multifunctional protease 2); H2- DMa, H2-DMb1, H2- 93120_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.02 0.00 2.69 H2-K V00746 101876_s_at 0.00 0.00 1.96 2.42 0.00 2.64 UNK_M35247 M35247 98284_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.93 H2-T18 X03052 101523_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.34 0.00 1.86 H3F3A AW046194 111423_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.30 UNK_AI852812 AI852812 100966_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.32 Hcf2 U07425 104194_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.51 HEPH AF082567 104502_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.35 HES6 AI414025 107620_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.16 HIPK1 AW125573 98038_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.31 0.00 3.06 HMG4 AF022465 93378_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.93 Hoxc8 X07439 103835_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 HPCAL1 AF085192 98962_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.30 hepatic lipase; Hpl X58426 96144_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.40 IDB4 AJ001972 104500_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.01 Idua L34111 92773_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.95 0.00 2.30 IER5 AF079528 97409_at 0.00 0.00 2.03 3.55 0.00 2.64 interferon inducible U19119 protein 1; Ifi1 93321_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.88 0.00 2.59 interferon activated AF022371 gene 203; Ifi203 103963_f_at 0.00 0.00 6.13 0.00 0.00 12.91 UNK_AA914345 AA914345 137251_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.68 UNK_AI449282 AI449282 94398_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.79 INPP5B AF040094 99034_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.23 IRX3 Y15001 98828_at 1.64 3.70 0.00 1.93 0.00 1.84 integrin alpha M X07640 (Cd11b); Itgam 99904_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.18 ITGB3 AF026509 100906_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.05 ITGB7 M68903 99577_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.21 KITL M57647 97761_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.29 killer cell lectin-like U10094 receptor, subfamily A, member 7; Klra7 97762_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.56 KLRA7 U12890 99993_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.25 leucine U77083 arylaminopeptidase 1, intestinal; Lap1 104658_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.22 12.86 LIFR D17444 96810_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.15 LMO2 AI154017 97980_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.54 LTBR L38423 92401_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.01 leukotriene C4 U27195 synthase; Ltc4s 96089_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.20 UNK_AI255972 AI255972 93454_at 0.00 1.58 0.00 2.37 0.00 2.17 LY68 AF081789 92216_at 4.83 3.87 2.49 0.00 0.00 1.72 MADH7 AF015260 103020_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.15 MAP3K1 AI317205 101834_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.51 0.00 3.21 protein kinase 3; Z14249 Mapk3 96003_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.67 MATA1L1 AW048332 96310_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.98 MBP L07508 101070_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.92 MKRN1 AW125438 100484_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.38 21.43 135.83 metalloproteinase X66473 13; Mmp13 100414_s_at 0.00 0.00 −1.84 0.00 0.00 2.69 MPO X15313 97719_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.46 ROW X74736 95340_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.06 Mt3 M93310 102096_f_at 0.00 0.00 −2.42 0.00 0.00 3.13 MUP1 AI255271 101909_f_at 0.00 0.00 −4.14 0.00 0.00 3.70 MUP3 M16357 101910_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.19 major urinary protein M16359 3; Mup3 101682_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.68 major urinary protein M16358 4; Mup4 94122_at 7.47 3.44 2.58 0.00 −3.81 −1.94 MYOC AF041335 103662_at 2.05 2.83 5.66 5.71 0.00 5.18 neutrophil cytosolic U59488 factor 4; Ncf4 97843_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.39 UNK_AI834866 AI834866 101554_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.53 0.00 3.44 NFKBIA U57524 104149_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.87 0.00 2.95 NFKBIA AI642048 100120_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.41 NID1 L17324 94982_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.13 UNK_AI852470 AI852470 97497_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.34 1, (Drosophila); Z11886 Notch 1 95016_at 0.00 1.82 1.85 2.13 0.00 2.03 neuropilin; Nrp D50086 100436_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.35 Orm1 M27008 103029_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.74 programmed cell D86344 death 4; Pdcd4 95040_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.02 UNK_AI840810 AI840810 95079_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.53 PDGFRA M57683 93039_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.50 HLS2 AF009513 96502_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.85 regulating neutral U75646 endopeptidases on the X chromosome; Phex 130145_i_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.36 25.36 PHEX AI481510 130146_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.68 14.49 PHEX AI481510 103573_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.43 4-phosphate 5- D86176 kinase, type 1 alpha; Pip5k1a 101865_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.51 PIP5K2A AB009615 99510_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.15 PKCB X59274 99916_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.44 protein kinase C, D90242 eta; Pkch 100707_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.05 UNK_AF030131 AF030131 97926_s_at 0.00 0.00 2.13 0.00 0.00 2.82 PPARG U10374 113154_at 0.43 0.00 −2.71 −1.11 −2.08 2.44 UNK_AI854500 AI854500 92904_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.09 containing 1, with U08185 ZNF domain; Prdm1 110362_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.90 UNK_AW046410 AW046410 94085_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.37 PRG M34603 96957_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.05 PENDING AB006463 94454_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.36 0.00 1.70 PRTB AF085348 101486_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.88 PSMB10 Y10875 93085_at 0.00 3.16 6.20 5.37 0.00 6.03 PSMB9 D44456 112345_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.81 UNK_AI841610 AI841610 92356_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.19 phosphatase, non- M90388 receptor type 8; Ptpn8 101932_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.02 0.00 3.46 PTPRE D83484 92309_i_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.50 phosphatase, X58287 receptor-type, M; Ptprm 92854_at 0.00 1.77 0.00 2.37 0.00 1.82 RAS oncogene D50500 family; Rab11a 100459_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.57 RAD50 homolog (S. U66887 cerevisiae); Rad50 99032_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.73 dexamethasone- AF009246 induced 1; Rasd1 104618_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.22 RBBP9 AI845819 97848_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.19 RBMX AJ237846 100530_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.57 nucleotide L07924 dissociation stimulator; Rgds 97844_at 0.00 0.00 2.15 2.25 0.00 3.16 protein signaling 2; U67187 Rgs2 102762_r_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.08 RHAG AF057527 100980_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.13 Rho-associated U58512 coiled-coil forming kinase 1; Rock1 93839_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.28 RTN3 AI854888 102336_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.06 RW1 AF060565 103448_at 0.00 2.51 −4.75 −1.37 −6.47 3.81 binding protein A8 M83218 (calgranulin A); S100a8 103887_at 4.41 0.00 −8.99 −5.52 −6.50 5.43 binding protein A9 M83219 (calgranulin B); S100a9 103715_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.21 scinderin; Scin U04354 101436_at 0.00 0.00 3.77 3.82 0.00 6.09 cytokine B subfamily M34815 (Cys-X-Cys), member 9; Scyb9 100112_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.61 derived factor 1; L12030 Sdf1 103488_at 0.00 1.89 2.03 2.49 0.00 6.53 selectin) ligand; X91144 Selpl 92469_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.76 SFRP4 AF117709 96126_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.16 SGPL1 AF036894 96682_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.69 SIAT7D Y15780 102318_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.68 sialyltransferase 8 X86000 (alpha-2, 8- sialytransferase) D; Siat8d 110381_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.54 0.00 2.32 SLAP AI120030 92582_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.81 solute carrier family L42115 1, member 7; Slc1a7 103347_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.45 UNK_AI852548 AI852548 109069_at 0.00 −2.82 −2.00 0.00 0.00 3.28 SLC39A1 AI255982 98299_s_at 2.97 0.00 0.00 2.13 0.00 1.52 SLFN3 AF099974 115731_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.37 UNK_AA896535 AA896535 100422_i_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.96 STAT5A AJ237939 93680_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.99 STK10 D89728 100425_at 0.00 1.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.69 SYK U25685 95066_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.20 Taldo1 U67611 103328_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.54 0.00 2.23 TANK U59864 98087_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.88 0.00 2.80 UNK_AW048562 AW048562 92387_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.03 synthase 1, platelet; L18868 Tbxas1 103539_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.07 cytoplasmic X55663 tyrosine kinase, Dscr28C related (Drosophila); Tec 92427_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.71 transforming growth D25540 factor, beta receptor I; Tgfbr1 102637_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.10 TGFBR3 AF039601 113920_at −1.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.12 UNK_AI021069 AI021069 102906_at 0.00 0.00 2.95 3.25 0.00 9.29 T-cell specific L38444 GTPase; Tgtp 99602_at 0.00 1.29 0.00 2.02 0.00 1.67 TIEG AF064088 101964_at 0.00 0.00 −2.16 0.00 0.00 3.47 transketolase; Tkt U05809 97893_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.01 TLP AB017697 111478_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.96 0.00 2.34 UNK_AI047601 AI047601 96700_r_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.46 UBL1A2-PENDING AW060594 99580_s_at 0.00 1.50 0.00 1.61 0.00 2.44 UGT1A1 U16818 92760_at 0.00 5.57 3.44 0.00 0.00 4.76 WASP U42471 94704_at 2.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.98 WISP2 AF100778 97950_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.32 0.00 2.77 xanthine X75129 dehydrogenase; Xdh 98053_at 0.00 1.87 0.00 2.77 0.00 2.11 YWHAB AF058797 97060_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.95 YWHAQ AW215489 93013_at 3.57 3.97 3.52 5.65 7.05 6.32 IDB2 AF077861 96331_at 2.04 2.99 2.67 3.12 2.54 2.59 UNK_AI842754 AI842754 99051_at 2.16 3.59 4.32 7.61 3.35 4.76 S100A4 M36579 102104_f_at 2.36 3.77 6.03 8.42 3.97 5.52 UNK_AI504305 AI504305 109403_at 2.15 3.73 5.34 10.02 4.37 19.28 UNK_AW121933 AW121933 114810_at 2.97 9.08 11.55 9.62 8.54 4.12 UNK_AI447446 AI447446 130509_at 2.64 4.77 7.87 6.94 2.24 2.18 UNK_AI851996 AI851996 92810_at 0.00 3.05 4.26 5.46 10.73 9.24 UNK_AI842259 AI842259 92850_at 0.00 2.42 2.43 6.71 9.75 6.66 UNK_AI836446 AI836446 93548_at 0.00 2.61 2.07 3.67 4.32 2.86 UNK_AW122942 AW122942 93829_at 0.00 2.05 3.42 3.58 3.28 5.01 UNK_AW107884 AW107884 93842_at 0.00 2.97 3.69 7.34 12.44 11.01 UNK_AI196645 AI196645 94792_at 3.10 5.07 4.52 4.71 2.76 0.00 UNK_AI447305 AI447305 95102_at 0.00 2.19 2.59 3.61 3.09 3.88 UNK_AW123754 AW123754 95152_g_at 0.00 3.22 2.73 3.00 4.27 4.52 UNK_AW061307 AW061307 95417_at 0.00 2.59 3.27 3.18 3.80 3.54 UNK_AI117848 AI117848 95466_at 0.00 5.84 6.73 4.76 5.82 4.94 UNK_AI837006 AI837006 95542_at 0.00 2.62 2.69 4.54 5.75 4.80 UNK_AI835858 AI835858 95543_at 0.00 3.08 3.87 4.77 4.36 4.23 UNK_AI843046 AI843046 95647_f_at 0.00 2.65 2.69 3.32 3.84 4.28 UNK_AI465845 AI465845 95654_at 0.00 3.23 3.45 5.80 4.72 5.58 UNK_AF109905 AF109905 95673_s_at 0.00 2.31 2.83 5.79 6.60 5.31 UNK_AW124113 AW124113 95749_at 0.00 2.30 2.14 5.13 4.36 3.10 UNK_AW122364 AW122364 95940_f_at 1.92 3.66 5.69 6.58 4.38 7.39 UNK_AW047237 AW047237 96135_at 0.00 2.38 3.85 7.06 6.16 10.09 UNK_AA833425 AA833425 96168_at 0.00 3.47 4.05 3.80 5.45 3.82 UNK_AI591702 AI591702 96319_at 0.00 5.82 5.05 13.49 5.11 6.19 UNK_AW061324 AW061324 96333_g_at 0.00 2.97 2.46 3.17 2.53 2.19 UNK_AW259199 AW259199 96784_at 0.00 4.17 5.63 6.89 5.90 3.14 UNK_AW123269 AW123269 96811_at 1.20 4.20 5.77 6.75 9.85 12.17 UNK_AW049806 AW049806 96834_at 0.00 2.06 2.03 3.08 3.82 4.91 UNK_AI843586 AI843586 96885_at 0.00 5.55 6.66 17.42 21.15 8.95 UNK_AW122271 AW122271 96886_at 0.00 3.53 3.88 3.89 3.05 3.28 UNK_AW060556 AW060556 97444_at 0.00 4.08 4.33 11.02 8.47 20.65 UNK_AI844520 AI844520 97527_at 0.00 4.63 5.52 9.52 8.69 5.59 UNK_AA681998 AA681998 97838_at 0.00 2.19 3.16 3.46 5.45 3.88 UNK_AA684508 AA684508 98076_at 0.00 2.21 3.02 6.55 5.41 5.24 UNK_AI835644 AI835644 98915_at 0.00 5.42 4.17 5.26 4.08 4.94 UNK_AI849082 AI849082 99849_at 0.00 2.58 2.39 3.64 2.12 4.11 UNK_C85523 C85523 100116_at 0.00 3.92 4.43 5.52 8.26 3.36 UNK_AI122538 AI122538 100511_at 0.00 3.60 4.84 3.90 2.10 3.63 UNK_AI154249 AI154249 101061_at 0.00 2.33 2.52 5.11 5.20 4.85 UNK_AI845293 AI845293 101464_at 1.63 7.86 6.79 16.41 14.96 19.13 metalloproteinase; V00755 Timp 101912_at 0.00 4.12 4.68 7.62 13.31 6.66 UNK_AI019679 AI019679 101956_at 0.00 4.37 3.27 7.15 8.46 8.94 UNK_AI834849 AI834849 102056_f_at 0.00 2.01 2.37 3.49 4.61 4.59 UNK_AA839379 AA839379 102108_f_at 0.00 2.23 2.51 3.59 3.19 3.25 UNK_AI505453 AI505453 102907_at 0.00 2.60 6.00 11.32 13.64 4.29 UNK_AW125043 AW125043 103017_at 0.00 2.12 3.20 5.24 4.49 20.95 D13ABB1E AI060729 103723_at 0.00 2.32 2.67 3.04 3.60 3.21 0 AA608387 104023_at 0.00 2.89 3.42 5.91 4.20 5.95 UNK_AW060457 AW060457 104389_at 0.00 2.65 3.70 4.62 5.54 7.36 UNK_AW049360 AW049360 104464_s_at 0.00 2.24 3.48 10.84 18.75 9.30 UNK_AI642389 AI642389 105606_at 1.75 2.68 2.44 2.77 6.16 5.68 UNK_AW210072 AW210072 105881_at 0.00 2.16 2.37 3.53 5.35 24.32 UNK_AI847606 AI847606 106310_at 0.00 3.45 3.22 2.71 2.82 3.11 UNK_AI843606 AI843606 106619_at 2.41 2.32 0.00 2.78 3.02 3.67 UNK_AW060770 AW060770 107510_at 0.00 8.81 6.27 8.47 8.55 5.39 UNK_AW049506 AW049506 107935_at 0.00 2.29 4.62 10.35 26.40 9.69 UNK_AI450518 AI450518 108018_at 0.00 2.98 3.50 5.18 16.34 11.82 UNK_AA959436 AA959436 108477_at 0.00 3.49 3.67 6.12 15.44 10.74 UNK_AA692253 AA692253 109103_f_at 0.00 2.58 3.05 3.95 4.48 3.00 UNK_AI841088 AI841088 109669_at 0.00 2.64 3.10 5.19 15.50 11.17 UNK_AA796759 AA796759 109737_at 0.00 3.30 3.69 7.52 10.54 18.42 UNK_AI836805 AI836805 109982_at 0.00 3.10 2.97 3.92 5.94 12.35 UNK_AI851247 AI851247 110160_at 0.00 3.54 6.56 5.47 2.73 3.51 UNK_AI510217 AI510217 110187_at 0.00 2.20 2.36 2.56 2.44 3.74 UNK_AA624041 AA624041 110334_at 0.00 2.05 2.27 6.10 4.52 6.30 UNK_AI852289 AI852289 110848_at 0.00 3.74 4.17 8.73 18.05 9.18 UNK_AI851487 AI851487 111125_at 0.00 2.32 2.83 2.54 3.64 7.94 UNK_AI391368 AI391368 111225_at 0.00 2.83 2.56 3.59 6.73 3.30 UNK_AW121825 AW121825 111350_at 0.00 2.33 3.71 2.48 5.40 4.17 UNK_AI462022 AI462022 111841_at 0.00 3.34 4.66 5.84 4.01 7.21 UNK_AI527656 AI527656 112039_at 0.00 2.69 2.34 2.25 2.25 3.88 UNK_AA178128 AA178128 112322_at 0.00 3.84 2.74 2.31 2.17 3.75 UNK_AA931004 AA931004 112383_at 0.00 2.92 5.72 9.18 4.14 6.63 UNK_AI155444 AI155444 112687_at 0.00 2.10 2.91 2.49 3.33 3.44 UNK_AA683840 AA683840 112763_at 0.00 3.08 2.52 3.95 5.44 2.31 UNK_AI788757 AI788757 112807_at 0.00 2.55 3.32 3.33 5.30 3.44 UNK_AI891565 AI891565 113750_at 1.90 3.09 3.33 3.67 2.95 4.78 UNK_AA881110 AA881110 113932_g_at 0.00 3.21 3.06 5.89 6.81 3.86 UNK_AW230677 AW230677 114025_at 1.61 6.05 10.16 14.50 25.81 11.77 UNK_AI643935 AI643935 114303_at 1.50 8.14 14.58 11.85 13.19 2.02 UNK_AW107218 AW107218 114498_at 0.00 3.36 3.84 3.78 4.04 3.68 UNK_AW215808 AW215808 114701_at 1.81 2.80 2.37 5.00 12.96 7.64 UNK_AI425702 AI425702 116159_at 0.00 3.76 4.87 3.67 2.28 3.06 UNK_AA823048 AA823048 116414_at 0.00 3.28 3.48 5.32 3.90 7.35 UNK_AI180528 AI180528 116943_at 0.00 2.38 2.30 4.09 3.55 4.14 UNK_AI852450 AI852450 116969_at 0.00 2.04 2.14 2.52 2.63 3.29 UNK_AI843050 AI843050 117049_at 0.00 2.11 2.62 2.33 2.62 3.41 UNK_AI848494 AI848494 135169_at 0.00 2.79 3.47 3.44 2.37 2.14 UNK_AA509929 AA509929 137100_at 2.43 4.34 4.00 4.39 1.80 3.84 UNK_AW214591 AW214591 139422_at 0.00 2.58 3.05 5.10 2.06 3.16 UNK_AW212694 AW212694 92185_at 0.00 0.00 2.80 3.37 5.13 2.63 UNK_AI846023 AI846023 92787_at 0.00 2.76 0.00 2.66 3.64 2.18 UNK_AI845902 AI845902 92800_i_at 0.00 1.89 2.06 3.12 3.93 5.57 UNK_AI836694 AI836694 93037_i_at 0.00 2.22 0.00 3.35 2.89 4.40 LPC1 M69260 93327_at 0.00 0.00 4.87 5.05 4.80 4.81 UNK_AI842665 AI842665 94273_at 0.00 1.93 2.18 4.60 6.39 4.24 UNK_AI849067 AI849067 94330_at 0.00 5.76 2.95 4.18 2.28 0.00 UNK_AA710564 AA710564 94486_at 0.00 1.87 2.21 3.22 3.76 2.56 UNK_AW125178 AW125178 94549_at 0.00 2.24 0.00 2.48 2.75 2.12 UNK_AI315650 AI315650 94830_at 0.00 2.01 0.00 2.55 2.23 2.09 UNK_AI854300 AI854300 94992_at 0.00 1.93 2.08 3.30 5.15 4.11 UNK_AI840667 AI840667 95590_at 0.00 0.00 2.08 3.19 3.55 4.06 UNK_AA615951 AA615951 95648_at 0.00 1.92 2.17 2.65 2.60 3.36 UNK_AA655507 AA655507 95885_at 0.00 1.53 2.21 3.06 3.95 2.16 UNK_AA177621 AA177621 96004_at 0.00 6.08 0.00 5.08 7.87 7.33 UNK_AI851641 AI851641 96262_at 0.00 4.44 3.02 1.84 2.66 3.32 UNK_AI836812 AI836812 96605_at 0.00 1.99 8.89 9.27 26.99 8.68 UNK_AI787183 AI787183 96708_at 0.00 1.59 2.40 3.97 4.47 4.62 UNK_AW120643 AW120643 97211_at 0.00 0.00 2.92 5.48 8.89 5.70 UNK_AI747444 AI747444 97425_at 0.00 3.99 4.68 0.00 15.01 10.66 UNK_AI840191 AI840191 97456_at 0.00 3.00 1.91 3.34 2.85 4.04 UNK_AI838021 AI838021 97811_at 0.00 2.45 0.00 6.99 21.66 12.97 UNK_AI844507 AI844507 97947_at 0.00 1.70 2.19 2.39 2.35 3.32 UNK_AI836959 AI836959 97964_at 0.00 0.00 4.12 10.11 19.39 10.90 UNK_AW122851 AW122851 98107_at 0.00 1.89 2.26 4.29 5.16 5.87 UNK_AW123801 AW123801 98346_at 0.00 0.00 2.40 3.53 8.88 9.07 UNK_AI593759 AI593759 98440_at 0.00 0.00 3.53 3.85 3.62 3.27 UNK_AA596710 AA596710 99149_at 0.00 1.63 2.59 2.83 3.43 2.04 UNK_AI851230 AI851230 99191_at 0.00 1.66 2.04 2.42 2.86 2.36 UNK_AI844939 AI844939 99366_at 0.00 1.74 2.18 2.99 3.04 7.11 UNK_AI553536 AI553536 99505_at 0.00 2.50 0.00 4.22 2.83 2.64 UNK_AI844664 AI844664 100611_at 0.00 1.75 2.16 2.76 2.14 3.06 lysozyme; Lyzs M21050 102936_at 0.00 2.24 2.95 2.51 2.80 0.00 UNK_AW125314 AW125314 103435_at 0.00 2.05 0.00 4.32 4.31 6.16 UNK_AW045910 AW045910 103525_at 0.00 0.00 2.54 2.48 2.46 2.26 UNK_AA981725 AA981725 103570_at 1.36 0.00 3.57 8.33 32.50 24.51 UNK_AI315647 AI315647 103605_g_at 0.00 2.34 0.00 2.72 3.09 3.43 UNK_AW231026 AW231026 103606_r_at 0.00 0.00 3.31 5.63 5.50 5.04 UNK_AW121438 AW121438 103607_at 0.00 1.91 2.63 4.83 7.58 4.57 UNK_AI882309 AI882309 103905_at 0.00 1.30 2.12 4.42 2.69 2.19 UNK_AI314958 AI314958 104315_at 0.00 0.00 2.66 3.65 5.15 4.85 UNK_AI846773 AI846773 104322_at 0.00 2.76 −0.53 8.24 10.40 4.90 UNK_AI121796 AI121796 104578_f_at 0.00 1.68 2.43 4.41 6.50 5.77 UNK_AI195392 AI195392 104735_at 0.00 1.83 3.51 4.53 7.04 7.68 UNK_AI842065 AI842065 104792_at 0.00 0.00 3.24 2.74 2.85 2.31 UNK_AI504064 AI504064 106007_at 0.00 0.00 2.18 2.81 4.75 4.24 UNK_AA798398 AA798398 106215_at 0.00 2.75 3.03 0.00 3.77 4.25 UNK_AI839767 AI839767 106281_f_at 0.00 0.00 2.58 4.87 12.31 6.40 UNK_AI851600 AI851600 106287_at 0.00 0.00 3.09 3.01 2.93 4.46 UNK_AW124686 AW124686 106984_at 0.00 0.00 4.71 3.16 2.02 3.27 UNK_AA655780 AA655780 107043_at 0.00 2.49 0.00 2.68 4.39 10.55 UNK_AA770975 AA770975 107063_at 0.00 0.00 2.56 4.20 9.80 9.48 UNK_AI852358 AI852358 107406_at 0.00 0.00 2.34 2.06 5.20 3.73 UNK_AW048981 AW048981 107408_at 1.42 2.22 0.00 3.13 4.06 3.64 UNK_AW049048 AW049048 107520_at 0.00 0.00 2.20 2.65 2.60 7.04 UNK_AI846038 AI846038 107917_at 0.00 2.57 0.00 3.20 7.84 6.47 UNK_AA796707 AA796707 108048_at 0.00 0.00 2.60 2.63 5.24 2.87 UNK_AI836268 AI836268 108889_at 0.00 2.27 0.00 2.74 7.67 8.01 UNK_AA870215 AA870215 109021_at 0.00 0.00 4.01 3.06 2.13 3.35 UNK_AW214142 AW214142 109033_at 0.00 2.56 0.00 3.78 6.98 5.70 UNK_AW122053 AW122053 109169_at 0.00 0.00 2.18 2.74 2.66 2.83 UNK_AI841448 AI841448 109330_at 0.00 1.86 2.26 3.04 8.08 4.45 UNK_AI195395 AI195395 109554_at 0.00 3.33 3.40 2.32 1.66 2.64 UNK_AA611111 AA611111 109709_at 0.00 0.00 4.62 6.04 6.21 5.36 UNK_AW124034 AW124034 109989_at 0.00 2.30 0.00 2.23 3.21 2.82 UNK_AW124029 AW124029 110124_at 0.00 1.81 2.27 2.56 2.86 2.77 UNK_AI647471 AI647471 110319_at 0.00 0.00 2.77 3.82 6.37 7.50 UNK_AW215732 AW215732 110351_at 0.00 0.00 2.46 2.37 2.59 3.02 UNK_AI842140 AI842140 110429_at 0.00 0.00 2.59 4.62 5.25 11.50 UNK_AW060321 AW060321 110853_at 0.00 1.86 3.15 3.52 4.37 5.49 UNK_AW124968 AW124968 111044_f_at 0.00 1.72 3.54 3.57 2.88 4.78 UNK_AA175250 AA175250 111229_at 0.00 2.14 0.00 2.59 3.44 3.06 UNK_AW123416 AW123416 111624_at 0.00 0.00 2.65 4.22 4.19 4.97 UNK_AI843542 AI843542 111628_at 0.00 1.82 2.88 2.96 3.56 3.44 UNK_AA415523 AA415523 111680_at 0.00 0.00 3.55 2.66 3.45 4.18 UNK_AA681812 AA681812 111965_at 0.00 1.88 5.19 12.18 16.02 7.92 UNK_AA869027 AA869027 112062_at 0.00 0.00 2.60 4.10 8.79 9.97 UNK_AA989939 AA989939 112349_at 0.00 3.23 0.00 4.74 4.11 7.10 UNK_AW048860 AW048860 112373_at 0.00 3.42 0.00 3.33 3.07 9.92 UNK_AI840826 AI840826 112386_at 0.00 0.00 2.10 6.36 5.47 5.04 UNK_AI838633 AI838633 112411_at 0.00 3.41 0.00 3.71 5.34 5.90 UNK_AW229681 AW229681 112445_at 0.00 4.88 0.00 4.11 5.78 7.36 UNK_AI156718 AI156718 112464_at 0.00 0.00 2.20 2.19 5.18 3.92 UNK_AI194396 AI194396 112465_at 0.00 0.00 3.34 2.83 3.08 4.56 UNK_AI226955 AI226955 112766_at 0.00 0.00 2.32 2.86 4.43 2.35 UNK_AI788798 AI788798 112996_at 0.00 1.91 3.42 3.15 2.25 3.79 UNK_AA170203 AA170203 113036_at 0.00 0.00 9.63 27.96 22.87 15.50 UNK_AW120709 AW120709 113196_at 0.00 0.00 2.73 5.42 19.47 19.66 UNK_AW124306 AW124306 113268_s_at 0.00 0.00 2.94 4.41 4.90 6.78 UNK_AI835128 AI835128 113302_at 0.00 0.00 3.92 4.35 2.37 2.39 UNK_AA967902 AA967902 113322_at 0.00 4.17 3.83 2.29 1.80 3.97 UNK_AI116109 AI116109 113989_at 0.00 1.53 2.26 3.83 2.32 2.71 UNK_AW209554 AW209554 113995_at 0.00 0.00 2.09 3.10 7.68 8.85 UNK_AW061313 AW061313 114602_at 0.00 0.00 2.53 4.43 5.72 4.29 UNK_AW228836 AW228836 114633_at 0.00 1.95 2.18 2.85 2.34 2.13 UNK_AA895405 AA895405 114635_at 0.00 0.00 3.64 5.07 2.28 3.67 UNK_AA960121 AA960121 114849_at 0.00 0.00 2.04 2.51 2.21 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AI838344 96236_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.36 3.17 1.99 UNK_AW122965 AW122965 96264_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.56 4.65 0.00 UNK_AW061235 AW061235 96266_at 0.00 0.00 1.86 2.85 2.40 1.74 UNK_AI841982 AI841982 96272_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.76 4.20 UNK_AI848471 AI848471 96336_at 0.00 1.53 0.00 2.46 2.17 0.00 UNK_AI844626 AI844626 96360_at 0.00 1.65 0.00 0.00 3.16 3.53 UNK_AW125498 AW125498 96464_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.94 2.50 2.50 0 N28179 96602_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.91 4.54 UNK_AW045751 AW045751 96716_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.39 2.46 UNK_AW121102 AW121102 96818_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.72 2.98 UNK_AA762522 AA762522 96832_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.05 1.96 2.56 UNK_AA606878 AA606878 96896_at 0.00 1.77 0.00 2.42 1.85 2.35 UNK_AW214159 AW214159 96924_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.43 2.83 UNK_AI849719 AI849719 96925_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.83 4.12 1.93 UNK_AW122429 AW122429 97163_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.04 3.16 UNK_AI563699 AI563699 97269_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.11 2.23 1.88 UNK_AI848699 AI848699 97311_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.11 2.02 1.97 UNK_AI836509 AI836509 97329_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.18 2.05 UNK_AW124061 AW124061 97349_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.35 5.09 UNK_AA727410 AA727410 97398_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.60 6.60 UNK_AI849831 AI849831 97451_at 0.00 2.12 0.00 2.88 1.85 1.82 UNK_AI837599 AI837599 97560_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.40 2.30 UNK_AF037437 AF037437 97809_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.83 2.19 2.27 UNK_AF109906 AF109906 97919_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.28 2.08 UNK_AI837467 AI837467 98060_at 0.00 0.00 2.93 0.00 4.09 0.00 lamin A; Lmna D49733 98355_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.92 6.08 0 AA544993 98492_at 0.00 1.34 0.00 0.00 2.63 2.76 UNK_AA920419 AA920419 98515_at 0.00 1.85 0.00 0.00 3.10 2.80 UNK_AI844392 AI844392 98633_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.17 2.06 1.93 UNK_AI854863 AI854863 99156_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.24 2.28 UNK_AI853370 AI853370 99163_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.28 3.78 UNK_AI844232 AI844232 99168_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.58 3.28 UNK_AW047128 AW047128 99338_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.39 4.16 UNK_AA674798 AA674798 99451_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.07 9.19 UNK_AW060510 AW060510 99467_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.01 2.13 UNK_AI846922 AI846922 99645_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.10 3.75 UNK_AW048484 AW048484 99992_at 0.00 2.80 0.00 0.00 2.29 0.00 IL17R AI286698 100466_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.15 4.34 UNK_AA655823 AA655823 100979_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.36 3.04 UNK_AW209763 AW209763 100988_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.12 4.41 UNK_AA796690 AA796690 101426_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.70 4.09 UNK_AW125333 AW125333 101432_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.51 3.76 UNK_AI504100 AI504100 101505_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.05 2.74 UNK_AW121234 AW121234 101851_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.98 4.82 MOX2 AF029215 101882_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.36 2.59 procollagen, type U03715 XV, procollagen, type XVIII, alpha 1; Col15a1, Col18a1 102099_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.68 5.10 3.69 UNK_AI843637 AI843637 102331_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.40 2.51 0.00 UNK_AW120586 AW120586 102352_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.99 3.33 UNK_AW121380 AW121380 102370_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.09 1.71 4.73 UNK_AA822174 AA822174 102562_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.02 2.12 UNK_Z80833 Z80833 102848_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.43 5.42 UNK_AI840577 AI840577 102942_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.12 4.85 UNK_AA683785 AA683785 103082_at 0.00 0.00 1.69 1.90 2.78 3.55 UNK_AI847507 AI847507 103100_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.42 2.16 UNK_AI788543 AI788543 103218_at 0.00 0.00 1.24 0.00 2.76 4.58 0 J04761 103260_at 0.00 1.71 0.00 2.55 1.53 5.42 UNK_AI838553 AI838553 103400_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.70 2.18 2.55 Unknown D50523 103402_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.66 4.38 UNK_AI848522 AI848522 103415_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.85 2.49 UNK_AI840925 AI840925 103459_at 0.00 1.44 0.00 0.00 3.28 2.82 UNK_AW124544 AW124544 103460_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.28 9.43 UNK_AI849939 AI849939 103462_at 0.00 2.50 2.95 0.00 1.56 1.78 UNK_AW122239 AW122239 103529_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.16 3.32 UNK_AW125505 AW125505 103545_at 0.00 0.00 1.85 2.19 2.94 1.98 UNK_AA240695 AA240695 103631_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.14 2.17 0.00 UNK_AA985795 AA985795 103635_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.73 2.60 UNK_AI648925 AI648925 103643_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.11 2.07 0.00 UNK_AI844784 AI844784 103717_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.44 4.25 0.00 UNK_AA921411 AA921411 103736_at 0.00 0.00 1.88 2.30 1.99 3.39 UNK_AI837786 AI837786 103752_r_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.43 2.39 UNK_AW227545 AW227545 103891_i_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.19 2.98 UNK_AI197161 AI197161 103892_r_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.23 3.91 UNK_AI197161 AI197161 103932_at 0.00 1.87 0.00 2.20 2.21 1.71 UNK_AA655311 AA655311 103989_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 2.99 2.62 UNK_AI314715 AI314715 104002_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.37 2.28 UNK_AI153693 AI153693 104004_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.04 4.20 UNK_AI931876 AI931876 104065_at 0.00 1.42 1.95 0.00 2.82 3.61 UNK_AW212878 AW212878 104105_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.30 3.23 UNK_AI854665 AI854665 104119_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.19 3.50 UNK_AI845028 AI845028 104306_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.41 3.36 0.00 UNK_AI847886 AI847886 104350_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.43 3.37 UNK_AI050321 AI050321 104412_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.91 5.94 UNK_AI153412 AI153412 104559_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.03 2.13 UNK_AI848162 AI848162 104573_at 0.00 1.68 0.00 2.24 2.03 0.00 UNK_AA921069 AA921069 104576_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.05 1.69 2.10 [H. 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114168_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.43 0.00 UNK_AW121266 AW121266 114323_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.13 0.00 UNK_AA756403 AA756403 114379_at 0.00 0.42 2.02 1.46 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI050351 AI050351 114461_at 0.00 0.00 1.58 1.62 2.81 0.00 UNK_AI874945 AI874945 114525_at 0.00 1.28 0.00 0.00 2.05 1.73 UNK_AA290482 AA290482 114667_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.62 1.66 UNK_AA399878 AA399878 114695_at 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI842428 A1842428 114698_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.51 0.00 0.00 UNK_AW120476 AW120476 114709_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.24 0.00 UNK_AI847047 AI847047 114718_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.28 0.00 UNK_AI267112 AI267112 114747_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.24 1.87 0.00 UNK_AI851384 AI851384 114830_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.59 1.90 2.41 UNK_AI847957 AI847957 114880_at 0.00 0.00 2.18 1.92 1.39 1.80 UNK_AW123237 AW123237 114955_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.75 2.50 UNK_AI314760 AI314760 114996_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 UNK_AA967301 AA967301 115032_i_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.76 2.89 1.84 UNK_AI848847 AI848847 115064_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.36 0.00 UNK_AI573356 AI573356 115091_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.34 0.00 0.00 UNK_AA647787 AA647787 115093_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.90 3.27 UNK_AI606104 AI606104 115112_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.07 0.00 UNK_AW050362 AW050362 115140_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.84 0.00 UNK_AW124719 AW124719 115153_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.70 2.94 UNK_AI789647 AI789647 115195_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.66 11.32 0.00 UNK_AI838694 AI838694 115212_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.24 0.00 0.00 UNK_AA856478 AA856478 115266_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.97 0.00 UNK_AI152744 AI152744 115333_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.27 6.94 0.00 UNK_AI593245 AI593245 115338_at 0.00 0.00 2.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI158964 AI158964 115354_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.71 0.00 UNK_AA895031 AA895031 115371_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.99 7.39 UNK_AI465535 AI465535 115402_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.68 0.00 UNK_AW120513 AW120513 115416_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.28 0.00 UNK_AA645547 AA645547 115449_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.77 5.16 UNK_AW049627 AW049627 115481_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.75 0.00 UNK_AI256692 AI256692 115506_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.60 2.05 UNK_AW048699 AW048699 115652_at 0.00 2.11 0.00 1.53 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI450439 AI450439 115885_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.93 0.00 UNK_AW211469 AW211469 115891_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.97 2.64 UNK_AI481691 AI481691 115898_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.98 0.00 UNK_AA739008 AA739008 115904_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.82 2.84 UNK_AI788994 AI788994 115916_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.32 2.42 UNK_AA691429 AA691429 115917_at 0.00 0.00 1.70 1.88 2.26 0.00 UNK_AA874421 AA874421 116044_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.94 2.10 0.00 UNK_AA824110 AA824110 116102_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.55 0.00 UNK_AW261562 AW261562 116139_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.24 0.00 UNK_AA838903 AA838903 116166_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.95 3.46 UNK_AI853928 AI853928 116286_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.20 1.92 0.00 UNK_AI553581 AI553581 116320_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.60 3.82 UNK_AW124054 AW124054 116345_at 0.00 0.00 1.80 1.61 2.25 0.00 UNK_AI854429 AI854429 116379_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.14 0.00 UNK_AA178683 AA178683 116386_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.10 0.00 UNK_AA981888 AA981888 116426_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.50 0.00 UNK_AW212535 AW212535 116431_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.17 0.00 UNK_AI316839 AI316839 116451_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.73 1.71 UNK_AA615200 AA615200 116562_at 0.00 2.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI451360 AI451360 116576_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.76 2.03 UNK_AI451563 AI451563 116582_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.90 0.00 UNK_AI987726 AI987726 116671_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.75 2.22 UNK_AW123023 AW123023 116831_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.29 0.00 UNK_AI747220 AI747220 116858_at 0.00 0.00 1.49 1.78 1.76 7.51 MAFB AI849704 116955_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.46 0.00 UNK_AI847605 AI847605 116986_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.28 0.00 UNK_AW120935 AW120935 117186_at 0.00 1.72 1.60 2.17 1.62 0.00 UNK_AI847496 AI847496 117196_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.80 4.64 UNK_AI840220 AI840220 117218_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.04 0.00 UNK_AI848424 AI848424 117235_at 0.00 1.18 0.00 1.34 2.48 0.00 UNK_AI843866 AI843866 117260_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.03 0.00 UNK_AI841583 AI841583 117276_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.92 0.00 UNK_AI849085 AI849085 117310_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.99 0.00 UNK_AI835269 AI835269 129180_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.87 3.06 UNK_AW214234 AW214234 129925_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.88 3.42 UNK_AW212719 AW212719 129983_at 0.00 1.93 1.73 3.10 1.52 1.45 UNK_AA795716 AA795716 130549_f_at 0.00 6.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AU018276 AU018276 130719_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.99 1.42 4.14 UNK_AW045814 AW045814 130804_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.73 2.86 0.00 UNK_AU024135 AU024135 132172_at 0.00 0.00 2.03 1.88 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI195127 AI195127 132364_i_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.40 0.00 UNK_AI594430 AI594430 132365_r_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.89 2.06 UNK_AI594430 AI594430 133139_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.87 1.76 0.00 UNK_AW122295 AW122295 133799_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.06 0.00 UNK_AI131700 AI131700 133901_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.64 0.46 2.10 UNK_AI481837 A1481837 134388_at 0.00 1.21 0.00 0.00 1.88 2.31 UNK_AI536536 AI536536 134515_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.93 2.29 UNK_AI874652 AI874652 134531_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.11 1.62 UNK_AW121822 AW121822 134597_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.14 0.00 UNK_AI643832 AI643832 134660_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.17 1.73 0.00 UNK_AA793588 AA793588 134662_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.20 1.47 1.48 UNK_AI585590 AI585590 135172_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.32 2.79 UNK_AI480578 AI480578 135314_at 0.00 0.00 1.79 1.78 2.48 2.00 UNK_AI842058 AI842058 135355_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.91 3.47 UNK_AW228646 AW228646 135552_f_at 0.00 2.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI646499 AI646499 135655_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.23 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI447921 AI447921 135812_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.23 0.00 UNK_AI848262 AI848262 135888_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.83 1.89 2.00 UNK_AI153331 AI153331 136132_at 0.00 1.92 2.10 1.78 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI853191 AI853191 136191_at 0.00 2.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI852455 AI852455 136558_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.01 2.20 UNK_AI465462 AI465462 137699_at 0.00 2.23 0.00 0.00 1.35 0.00 UNK_AW045500 AW045500 138079_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.62 2.50 UNK_AI849673 AI849673 138945_at 0.00 2.27 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI843433 AI843433 138960_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.25 2.04 UNK_AI841128 AI841128 140441_at 0.00 2.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AW105899 AW105899 140654_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.49 2.03 UNK_AA967374 AA967374 140760_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.05 0.00 UNK_AI648116 AI648116 140893_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.17 2.24 0.00 UNK_AW123714 AW123714 140999_at 0.00 1.68 1.97 2.74 1.61 1.53 UNK_AA561076 AA561076 141179_at 0.00 2.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI645500 AI645500 97543_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.96 1.83 2.01 expressed, D49382 developmentally down-regulated gene 5; Nedd5 96337_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.05 6.35 PNUTL1 AF033350 98609_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.74 5.09 4.97 MSF AJ250723 98149_s_at 0.00 2.78 2.86 6.13 9.13 4.99 UNK_AW046496 AW046496 110272_at 0.00 2.06 5.37 4.90 3.35 3.49 UNK_AA636558 AA636558 92459_at 0.00 4.73 9.59 15.62 24.77 14.53 UNK_AB023418 AB023418 97198_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.04 2.54 4.37 cassette, sub-family X75926 A (ABC1), member 1; Abca1 103035_at 0.00 1.73 2.92 4.20 2.83 4.90 TAP1 U60020 98402_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.12 2.32 2.07 ACLP7 AI843799 92688_at 0.00 2.01 2.65 2.91 2.26 2.58 acid phosphatase 2, X57199 lysosomal; Acp2 97904_at 0.00 1.93 1.98 3.64 2.94 3.68 UNK_AW123953 AW123953 96573_at 0.00 1.69 0.00 2.54 1.91 2.14 actin, gamma, M21495 cytoplasmic, actin- like; Actg, Actl 96343_at 0.00 1.72 1.82 3.41 3.64 3.03 UNK_AI836968 AI836968 93100_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.39 4.40 2.27 vascular smooth X13297 muscle; Actvs 93460_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.49 1.93 activin A receptor, L15436 type 1; Acvr1 100751_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.25 2.76 metalloprotease AF011379 domain (ADAM) 10; Adam10 92414_at 0.00 1.50 0.00 5.97 9.93 8.83 a disintegrin and D50411 metalloproteinase domain 12 (meltrin alpha); Adam12 103554_at 0.00 0.00 2.63 3.50 5.47 3.45 a disintegrin and AA726223 metalloproteinase domain 19 (meltrin beta); Adam 19 103024_at 6.28 10.02 5.98 4.43 4.10 2.38 ADAM8 X13335 103392_at 0.00 0.00 2.42 3.39 3.92 3.18 adenylate cyclase 7; U12919 Adcy7 94535_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.19 0.00 ADD1 AW121844 100903_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.36 1.77 1.90 ADPRT2 AJ007780 99038_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.40 4.12 3.85 adenylosuccinate L24554 synthetase 2, non muscle; Adss2 99039_g_at 0.00 1.47 0.00 2.78 2.26 2.44 adenylosuccinate L24554 synthetase 2, non muscle; Adss2 100412_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.85 2.62 0.00 AEBP1 AF053943 136586_at 0.00 3.12 3.56 5.26 6.60 6.27 UNK_AA960336 AA960336 96357_at 0.00 1.61 1.85 2.83 3.78 4.62 AF007010 AW212775 104205_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.25 19.16 4.89 aggrecan, structural L07049 proteoglycan of cartilage; Agc 92210_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.69 7.02 Agpt2 AF004326 96025_g_at 0.00 0.00 2.18 2.51 0.00 0.00 adenosylhomocysteine L32836 hydrolase; Ahcy 103551_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.39 4.11 UNK_AW124208 AW124208 116577_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.86 3.71 UNK_AI450355 AI450355 107536_at 0.00 0.00 2.87 4.47 3.94 4.08 UNK_AI851964 AI851964 104415_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.85 0.00 UNK_AA833293 AA833293 103911_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.57 2.19 UNK_AI851573 AI851573 102330_at 2.21 4.90 6.74 9.69 5.41 3.36 AIF1 D86382 103443_at 0.00 2.98 0.00 0.00 2.23 0.00 UNK_AA711704 AA711704 95148_at 0.00 0.00 1.83 3.07 3.90 5.63 AK2 AB020202 92796_at 0.00 0.00 4.88 10.36 57.57 19.90 phosphatase 2, liver; J02980 Akp2 96888_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.21 2.04 2.03 UNK_AI839814 AI839814 100970_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.56 2.72 2.86 thymoma viral proto- X65687 oncogene; Akt 98372_at 0.00 2.97 0.00 5.29 2.86 0.00 UNK_AW050387 AW050387 96243_f_at 0.00 1.81 0.00 0.00 2.32 3.58 UNK_AW120804 AW120804 102048_at 4.83 7.77 16.74 18.48 10.36 4.40 ALRP AF041847 94392_f_at 0.00 2.01 1.70 2.55 2.32 0.00 angiogenin; Ang U22516 102054_at 0.00 2.71 0.00 2.96 2.56 2.75 ANKHZN AB011370 93038_f_at 0.00 2.05 2.40 3.64 3.20 3.58 LPC1 M69260 100569_at 2.07 2.76 2.79 4.54 4.52 4.67 annexin A2; Anxa2 M14044 101393_at 2.43 0.00 0.00 2.45 2.13 0.00 ANXA3 AJ001633 100584_at 0.00 0.00 1.67 2.84 2.85 4.02 annexin A4; Anxa4 U72941 93083_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.67 2.69 2.86 ANXA5 D63423 93587_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.45 0.00 0.00 annexin A7; Anxa7 L13129 97529_at 0.00 2.06 0.00 5.97 8.79 7.30 annexin A8; Anxa8 AJ002390 102327_at 0.00 0.00 2.07 2.55 3.01 3.11 AOC3 AF078705 103242_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.94 2.49 2.90 UNK_AW123834 AW123834 103878_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.13 2.21 2.07 AP3B1 AF103809 103796_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.99 3.27 3.46 APAF1 AF064071 102710_at 2.15 2.86 3.37 3.90 3.45 5.22 precursor protein- AF020313 binding, family B, member 1 interacting protein; Apbb 1ip-pending 101035_at 0.00 0.00 2.01 0.00 1.84 2.15 apoptosis inhibitor 5; U35846 Api5 98398_s_at 0.00 2.97 3.11 3.55 2.15 2.64 APOBEC1 U22262 95356_at 0.00 1.46 1.78 2.38 2.50 3.08 Apoe D00466 93700_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.47 2.59 SIAT9 AI838022 96587_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.15 2.61 ADP-ribosylation D87900 factor 3; Arf3 92968_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.14 0.00 ADP-ribosylation D87902 factor 5; Arf5 93097_at 0.00 6.15 1.74 1.71 0.00 0.00 Arg1 U51805 101030_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.85 2.12 3.24 homolog B (RhoB); X99963 Arhb 96056_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 3.64 4.22 homolog 9 (RhoC); X80638 Arhc 95547_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.84 3.99 homolog D (RhoD); D89821 Arhd 98001_at 0.00 0.00 2.06 1.83 2.85 2.92 nucleotide exchange U58203 factor (GEF) 1; Arhgef1 101439_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.72 2.07 UNK_AW122716 AW122716 115479_at 0.00 0.00 2.38 5.55 5.94 3.35 ARP2-PENDING AA792177 95434_at 0.00 2.17 2.13 2.92 2.24 2.57 UNK_AI851740 AI851740 100931_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.46 4.79 arylsulfatase A; As2 X73230 94282_at 0.00 1.86 0.00 3.66 3.84 3.64 UNK_AW124297 AW124297 95133_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.31 0.00 asparagine U38940 synthetase; Asns 101984_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.79 2.04 2.76 ATX1 (antioxidant AF004591 protein 1) homolog 1 (yeast); Atox1 99579_at 0.00 1.58 0.00 2.44 2.72 3.30 beta 3 polypeptide; U59761 Atp1b3 98126_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.12 0.00 ATPase, Ca++ X67140 transporting, cardiac muscle, fast twitch 1; Atp2a1 95746_at 0.00 1.51 0.00 2.69 2.20 7.69 ATP6A2 AW123765 95745_g_at 0.00 1.35 0.00 1.80 1.68 6.74 transporting, U13837 lysosomal (vacuolar proton pump), alpha 70 kDa, isoform 2; 94301_at 0.00 2.37 2.07 3.22 5.34 8.96 ATP6K AI843269 102854_s_at 0.00 2.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ATPase, Cu++ U03434 transporting, alpha polypeptide; Atp7a 93984_at 0.00 1.88 2.24 3.26 3.23 3.67 Atpi AF002718 98960_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.73 2.48 1.89 UNK_AF029792 AF029792 103002_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.95 2.15 1.84 B4GALT1 M27923 104005_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 2.43 B4GALT2 AB019541 111981_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.02 0.00 BACE2 AW122959 99670_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.45 2.81 Bcl-associated death L37296 promoter; Bad 93536_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 3.22 2.81 Bcl2-associated X L22472 protein; Bax 93252_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.57 0.00 B-cell receptor- X81816 associated protein 31; Bcap31 100026_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.43 16.18 0.00 BCAT1 U42443 94448_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.85 1.58 2.13 BCL10 AJ006289 102914_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.13 13.02 BCL2A1B U23778 93869_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.68 3.36 9.35 BCL2A1D U23781 101748_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.92 0.00 bradykinin receptor, U47281 beta; Bdkrb 101514_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.06 3.68 2.34 BET3-PENDING AF041433 103647_at 0.00 0.00 3.61 2.66 5.42 16.86 beta-galactosidase M57734 complex; Bgl 96049_at 0.00 2.06 2.40 4.02 3.69 4.37 BGN X53928 98433_at 0.00 2.16 0.00 0.00 1.45 2.01 domain death U75506 agonist; Bid 101521_at 0.00 4.32 4.05 5.67 5.14 3.35 AP14 AB013819 95803_at 0.00 3.17 0.00 3.77 3.63 5.29 BIT D85785 95804_g_at 0.00 5.17 0.00 0.00 8.80 10.32 BIT D85785 93604_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.95 14.19 BL2 AF061260 93606_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.11 11.25 BL2 AB021966 95557_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.05 10.83 17.24 bone morphogenetic L24755 protein 1; Bmp1 92701_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.10 7.21 BMP1 AA518586 95012_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.54 4.40 UNK_AB012808 AB012808 98031_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.58 0.00 BOKL-PENDING AF027707 94036_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.14 4.93 UNK_AI844806 AI844806 93324_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.98 3.49 3.40 butyrate response M58566 factor 1; Brf1 93104_at 0.00 2.95 2.80 4.02 4.75 5.01 BTG1 Z16410 96146_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.56 6.34 5.24 BTG3 D83745 104097_at 0.00 0.00 1.72 2.12 1.86 0.00 budding uninhibited AF002823 by benzimidazoles 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae); Bub1 109165_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.63 0.00 BUB1B AW049504 93042_at 0.00 1.80 0.00 2.82 2.69 3.24 benzodiazepine D21207 receptor, peripheral; Bzrp 96718_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.79 2.12 UNK_AB012727 AB012727 98562_at 0.00 2.80 3.66 5.77 3.76 4.31 component 1, q X58861 subcomponent, alpha polypeptide; 96020_at 0.00 2.88 4.26 6.67 4.45 4.01 component 1, q M22531 subcomponent, beta polypeptide; C1qb 92223_at 0.00 1.85 2.43 4.07 2.93 2.85 component 1, q X66295 subcomponent, c polypeptide; C1qc 103707_at 0.00 2.61 3.37 4.05 3.10 2.93 C3AR1 U77461 103033_at 0.00 0.00 1.67 2.36 3.44 3.66 C4 X06454 101728_at 0.00 2.20 0.00 0.12 3.09 0.00 C5R1 S46665 98483_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.67 7.91 CACNB3 X94404 95423_at 0.00 2.15 2.96 5.11 3.94 3.37 CAI Y00884 100155_at 3.86 2.01 2.63 4.29 1.65 0.00 Cak L57509 101107_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.14 3.16 2.78 calumenin; Calu U81829 104529_at 0.00 0.00 1.88 1.93 2.26 2.09 calcium modulating U21960 ligand; Caml 101040_at 0.00 1.47 1.28 2.06 1.74 2.07 calpain 2; Capn2 D38117 97942_g_at −1.56 0.00 0.00 6.16 40.88 8.57 CAPN6 Y12582 97941_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.69 2.20 CAPN6 Y12582 97943_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.98 4.94 2.50 CAPN6 AI747133 93499_at 0.00 3.32 1.92 3.16 4.17 4.70 capping protein U16740 alpha 1; Cappa1 102248_f_at 0.00 1.87 0.00 2.83 3.31 2.91 CASK Y17138 102064_at 0.00 1.72 0.00 2.05 1.38 2.48 CASP1 L28095 99049_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.36 3.08 caspase 2; Casp2 D28492 98436_s_at 0.00 0.00 2.32 3.29 4.63 3.72 apoptosis related U54803 cysteine protease; Casp3 94458_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.24 3.31 CASP6 Y13087 102328_at 1.67 0.00 3.82 0.00 5.01 4.40 CASP8 AJ007749 93364_at 0.00 1.84 0.00 2.26 2.32 2.91 CATNA1 X59990 98151_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.80 3.29 catenin src; Catns Z17804 94817_at 0.00 2.19 2.44 4.38 4.24 4.34 CBP1 X60676 93697_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.72 3.53 CBX4 U63387 99186_at 0.00 8.48 3.62 3.94 5.08 3.50 CCNA2 X75483 94294_at 0.00 2.93 3.54 5.89 5.22 5.58 cyclin B2; Ccnb2 X66032 94232_at 0.00 2.12 1.47 1.84 2.61 2.72 CCND1 AI849928 99535_at 2.08 1.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 CCR4 AW047630 98153_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.04 1.83 0.00 chaperonin subunit 3 L20509 (gamma); Cct3 98446_s_at 0.00 1.83 1.75 2.36 1.70 0.00 EPHB4 U06834 98088_at 0.00 0.00 1.54 0.00 2.87 0.00 CD14 antigen; Cd14 X13333 103422_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.42 7.86 Cd1d1 M63695 101897_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.31 5.91 Cd1d2 M63697 103005_s_at 2.64 4.50 2.70 3.84 3.12 5.15 CD44 X66084 114697_at 2.65 4.08 3.95 6.25 8.24 22.18 CD44 AI594062 103089_at 0.00 4.30 5.56 6.22 5.21 4.03 CD48 antigen; Cd48 X53526 104606_at 2.11 3.68 3.52 4.72 4.14 7.46 CD52 antigen; Cd52 M55561 94939_at 2.23 3.23 3.49 4.50 3.47 5.59 CD53 antigen; Cd53 X97227 103016_s_at 0.00 2.52 3.48 6.07 4.53 15.71 CD68 X68273 101878_at 0.00 2.02 3.26 3.66 4.16 3.58 CD72 antigen; Cd72 J04170 99584_at 0.00 2.17 0.00 3.40 2.84 2.83 CD82 antigen; Cd82 D14883 103040_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.56 2.15 CD83 AI837100 95661_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.33 2.18 CD9 L08115 102934_s_at 0.00 1.60 0.00 2.80 2.37 0.00 CDC25C L16926 100128_at 0.00 8.81 12.87 15.86 16.72 6.21 CDC2A M38724 103821_at 0.00 1.77 1.70 1.97 2.01 0.00 CDC6 AJ223087 100006_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.64 5.01 CDH11 D21253 102852_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.68 9.75 cadherin 2; Cdh2 M31131 94412_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.88 3.60 CDK2 AJ223733 101017_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.17 2.52 CDK4 AA791962 100444_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.47 0.00 cyclin-dependent D29678 kinase 5; Cdk5 94881_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.11 0.00 CDKN1A AW048937 98067_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.18 0.00 cyclin-dependent U09507 kinase inhibitor 1A (P21); Cdkn1a 95471_at 0.00 −2.68 −2.76 0.00 2.10 1.92 cyclin-dependent U22399 kinase inhibitor 1C (P57); Cdkn1c 101900_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.10 1.30 CDKN2B AF059567 93094_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.46 3.26 degeneration-related U88588 2; Cdr2 109137_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.39 3.25 CDYL AI157065 100616_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.44 0.00 CENPA AF012710 98770_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.24 0.00 CENPC AF012708 107597_f_at 0.00 0.00 4.29 2.70 3.37 0.00 UNK_AA637016 AA637016 92788_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.36 2.67 2.72 CETN3 Y12474 93784_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.99 3.88 2.71 CFDP AB010828 101853_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.42 11.91 component factor h; M12660 Cfh 92291_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.05 13.62 related protein; M29008 CFHRB 99119_at 0.00 2.89 3.39 4.99 6.15 6.26 cofilin 1, non- D00472 muscle; Cfl1 99120_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.06 2.24 1.88 cofilin 1 , non- R75450 muscle; Cfl1 104509_at 0.00 1.89 0.00 0.00 2.34 0.00 CH25H-PENDING AF059213 101459_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.60 2.02 helicase DNA L10410 binding protein 1; Chd1 103088_at 0.00 3.21 2.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 close homolog of L1; X94310 Chl1 100021_at 0.00 0.00 2.97 7.77 7.91 0.00 ACRA M17640 96549_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.62 0.00 acetylcholine L10076 receptor delta; Acrd 102639_at 0.00 0.00 1.92 2.41 2.72 2.04 CHTS2 AB011451 92832_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.30 0.00 CISH1 U88325 92232_at 6.68 28.29 0.00 13.77 17.42 5.49 cytokine inducible U88328 SH2-containing protein 3; Cish3 93126_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.57 10.46 creatine kinase, X04591 brain; Ckb 97468_at 0.00 6.71 10.12 11.31 13.78 6.31 CKS1 AB025409 92762_at 2.53 6.19 4.80 3.95 2.46 3.99 CLECSF6 AJ133533 94256_at 0.00 2.07 2.20 3.05 4.36 3.47 CLIC4 AI849533 94254_at 0.00 0.00 1.62 2.70 2.24 3.40 CLIC4 AI845237 94255_g_at 0.00 1.55 1.90 2.51 1.93 3.71 CLIC4 AI845237 103346_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.31 2.73 CLK2 AF033564 100579_s_at 0.00 2.13 2.05 2.61 2.89 3.28 polypeptide (Lca); U91848 Clta 95286_at 0.00 1.77 0.00 2.24 0.00 0.00 CLU D14077 102794_at 0.00 0.00 1.89 2.10 1.38 1.53 CMKAR4 Z80112 93397_at 2.34 4.18 3.03 4.05 2.45 3.21 chemokine (C—C) U56819 receptor 2; Cmkbr2 102718_at 2.24 3.99 3.37 0.00 2.71 0.00 CMKBR5 AF022990 102719_f_at 1.75 3.77 2.23 2.28 2.38 1.33 chemokine (C—C) X94151 receptor 5; Cmkbr5 94004_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.43 10.86 9.73 calponin 2; Cnn2 Z19543 100481_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.07 11.26 procollagen. type XI, D38162 alpha 1; Col11a1 103616_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.14 34.25 UNK_AF100956 AF100956 92314_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.67 0.00 XII, alpha 1; U25652 Col12a1 102261_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.65 4.65 COL13A1 U30292 102262_r_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.29 6.76 COL13A1 U30292 99476_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.84 2.80 2.91 COL14A1 AJ131395 99637_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.41 2.14 2.67 srocollagen, type AF011450 XV; Col15a1 99638_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.24 5.40 5.62 procollagen, type D17546 XV; Col15a1 101881_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.81 10.82 10.32 COL18A1 L22545 102990_at 0.00 2.15 3.36 6.99 10.03 12.96 COL3A1 AA655199 98331_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.60 3.93 4.38 procollagen, type III, X52046 alpha 1; Col3a1 101093_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.28 2.02 2.23 COL4A1 M15832 101080_at 0.00 1.80 3.49 9.91 19.47 13.93 COL5A1 AB009993 101906_at 0.00 2.48 3.11 5.07 3.93 3.93 COL5A2 AA032310 92567_at 0.00 1.92 2.95 6.03 7.55 9.22 procollagen, type V, L02918 alpha 2; Col5a2 113235_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.96 1.95 3.12 COL5A3 AA734782 95493_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.72 3.84 3.50 procollagen, type VI, X66405 alpha 1; Col6a1 93517_at 0.00 0.00 1.99 4.43 6.38 5.80 COL6A2 Z18272 101110_at 0.00 0.00 2.32 5.51 6.14 5.80 COL6A3 AF064749 100308_at 0.00 2.74 2.14 6.75 37.35 14.46 procollagen, type X66976 VIII, alpha 1; Col8a1 104483_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 32.61 0.00 COL9A1 L12215 98027_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.61 0.00 procollagen, type IX, Z22923 alpha 2; Col9a2 102070_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.24 0.00 UNK_AW212495 AW212495 94305_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.82 0.00 0.00 COLA1 U03419 93340_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.50 3.30 2.24 COPB2 AF043120 93341_r_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.46 2.84 1.83 COPB2 AF043120 98930_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.06 0.00 UNK_AI844701 AI844701 110860_at 0.00 0.00 3.09 3.85 1.24 3.46 COPEB AI846501 94427_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.68 4.76 3.81 COPG1 AI841737 96936_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.28 4.10 2.32 COPG1 AI020792 95149_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.58 1.86 2.06 UNK_AW121088 AW121088 104143_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.36 3.59 3.04 UNK_AI843212 AI843212 96648_at 0.00 13.50 4.26 0.00 5.51 6.88 CORO1A AW122039 98928_at 0.00 1.68 0.00 3.37 5.06 5.56 CORO1B AW122820 99631_f_at 0.00 1.54 0.00 2.84 2.08 3.07 COX6A1 U08440 92851_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.49 8.74 ceruloplasmin; Cp U49430 95514_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.96 4.71 2.89 UNK_AI846302 AI846302 93320_at 0.00 1.78 2.64 3.70 2.65 3.94 camitine AF017175 palmitoyltransferase 1, liver; Cpt1a 103492_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.90 5.75 UNK_AF077738 AF077738 98415_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.35 2.34 CREME9-PENDING AF046060 98395_at 2.46 1.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 CRHR2 U21729 94061_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.64 1.93 2.29 intestinal protein; M13018 Crip 101879_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.75 2.34 CRRY M23529 103817_at 0.00 2.19 2.37 5.07 8.57 7.80 UNK_AJ006469 AJ006469 92506_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.84 0.00 CRTL1 AF098460 101450_at 2.70 2.74 0.00 0.00 2.07 3.42 factor 1 M21952 (macrophage); Csf1 104354_at 0.00 2.65 3.08 4.25 2.85 6.88 factor 1 receptor; X06368 Csf1r 99330_at 0.00 2.37 2.21 3.33 2.11 4.32 factor 2 receptor, M85078 alpha, low-affinity (granulocyte- macrophage); 94284_at 0.00 0.00 0.39 3.31 2.27 2.13 UNK_AW122731 AW122731 103210_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.89 1.78 2.62 factor 2 receptor, M29855 beta 2, low-affinity (granulocyte- macrophage); 104248_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.35 2.26 2.03 CSNK AW227650 104249_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.76 2.15 1.71 CSNK AW227650 100019_at 6.42 11.38 13.27 12.75 12.15 9.66 proteoglycan 2; D45889 Cspg2 92608_at 0.00 0.00 2.71 4.25 5.49 2.97 cysteine rich protein; D88793 Csrp 93550_at 0.00 2.70 4.70 12.96 26.37 8.78 cysteine-rich protein D88792 2; Csrp2 100581_at 0.00 1.94 2.02 3.94 2.84 7.19 cystatin B; Cstb U59807 92554_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.95 2.32 2.05 CTBP2 AF059735 100148_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.25 0.00 CCCTC-binding U51037 factor; Ctcf 96912_s_at 0.00 2.20 1.97 3.68 2.78 4.45 lymphocyte- X15591 associated protein 2 alpha; Ctla2a 103518_at 0.00 3.44 3.65 4.74 0.00 0.00 lymphocyte- X15592 associated protein 2 beta; Ctla2b 103341_at 0.00 1.78 2.25 2.07 1.92 0.00 triphosphate U49350 synthase; Ctps 101019_at 2.09 3.57 4.51 4.05 2.09 2.70 CTSC U74683 101020_at 0.00 3.36 5.06 4.28 2.46 3.04 CTSC AI842667 94834_at 0.00 1.76 2.32 4.76 5.57 5.93 cathepsin H; Ctsh U06119 98543_at 0.00 1.80 2.38 3.24 2.52 4.10 CTSS AJ223208 92633_at 0.00 1.52 2.44 2.98 2.97 6.50 D2WSU143E AJ242663 94054_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.97 4.15 3.29 CTTN AI841808 94055_at 0.00 0.00 2.52 0.00 5.91 4.16 cortactin; Cttn U03184 97013_f_at 0.00 2.71 3.17 4.89 4.48 5.87 CYBA AW046124 100059_at 0.00 2.19 2.49 3.52 3.30 4.51 alpha polypeptide; M31775 Cyba 100300_at 0.00 0.00 1.71 2.50 2.50 3.11 beta polypeptide; U43384 Cybb 99979_at 1.51 4.39 2.85 5.07 6.42 9.91 CYP1B1 X78445 94916_at 0.00 1.59 0.00 2.47 2.67 0.00 UNK_AW122260 AW122260 92777_at 0.00 2.49 3.85 4.95 3.04 1.84 cysteine rich protein M32490 61; Cyr61 98619_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.27 0.00 UNK_AW121709 AW121709 106255_at 0.00 2.41 2.03 4.64 4.43 4.94 UNK_AI840993 AI840993 104358_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.86 5.05 0.00 UNK_AI853668 AI853668 107526_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.84 2.42 UNK_AA710084 AA710084 111683_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.21 2.79 4.85 D10UCLA1 AA153345 112407_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.20 3.03 D10UCLA1 AI021470 97824_at 0.00 1.87 2.19 2.60 2.50 1.64 UNK_AW121031 AW121031 94339_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.33 1.99 UNK_AI841330 AI841330 94242_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.16 1.70 1.68 UNK_AA881309 AA881309 93427_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.34 6.05 11.04 UNK_AW122310 AW122310 95480_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.18 0.00 D11WSU68E AI847163 107600_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.79 2.58 0.00 UNK_AI838753 AI838753 111518_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.20 3.30 UNK_AA170647 AA170647 93775_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.81 1.83 2.23 UNK_AI841894 AI841894 98061_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.19 2.83 UNK_AI841192 AI841192 104558_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.22 3.13 D12WSU95E AA867123 101372_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.81 2.01 0.00 UNK_AI852645 AI852645 98918_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.35 5.87 3.22 D13WSU115E AI841920 94452_g_at 0.00 0.00 1.63 2.11 2.04 0.00 D13WSU123E AI787627 94450_at 0.00 0.00 1.73 2.44 0.00 0.00 D13WSU123E AI854202 94502_at 0.00 1.78 0.00 4.75 3.35 3.47 D13WSU50E AW125724 104419_at 0.00 1.94 0.00 0.00 2.42 3.99 UNK_AI132380 AI132380 97325_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.68 2.67 2.97 UNK_AA881294 AA881294 94561_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.23 4.12 3.13 UNK_AI836140 AI836140 110414_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.05 5.26 3.81 UNK_AI594455 AI594455 111499_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.56 1.93 2.42 UNK_AW046236 AW046236 98013_at 0.00 1.88 2.52 0.00 3.28 3.54 UNK_AA666464 AA666464 114305_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.13 5.18 UNK_AA739238 AA739238 104633_at 0.00 4.17 3.44 3.82 3.73 2.71 D15WSU122E AW123921 97822_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.38 2.85 UNK_AW122689 AW122689 97821_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.99 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI646056 AI646056 97823_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.81 2.08 UNK_AW122689 AW122689 95063_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.11 2.59 1.68 UNK_AI606257 AI606257 95137_at 0.00 3.19 3.65 7.69 11.28 4.71 UNK_AI852985 AI852985 97921_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.36 0.00 UNK_AI846279 AI846279 110388_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.12 0.00 UNK_AW213204 AW213204 115074_at 0.00 2.62 2.33 3.85 12.14 4.46 UNK_AI197311 AI197311 111433_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.83 5.30 0.00 UNK_AA795610 AA795610 109692_at 0.00 0.00 2.28 1.49 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI848006 AI848006 104333_at 0.00 6.18 7.27 7.18 9.71 6.35 DMA segment, Chr U69488 17, human D6S56E 5; D17H6S56E-5 96318_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.10 4.21 3.13 D17WSU104E AW045739 134595_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.88 2.15 2.49 UNK_AI006117 AI006117 100154_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.77 1.72 2.56 D17WSU91E AI836367 104090_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.38 2.01 UNK_AA657164 AA657164 96346_at 0.00 −1.46 −2.12 0.00 2.45 5.93 D18UCLA3 AI854020 94967_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.66 3.20 UNK_AI851365 AI851365 96838_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.46 0.00 RCE1 AI851223 107005_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.90 3.19 0.00 UNK_AI853916 AI853916 113182_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.92 2.43 0.00 UNK_AI844871 AI844871 112787_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.64 2.54 2.82 UNK_AI838572 AI838572 112786_i_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.53 3.47 0.00 UNK_AI838572 AI838572 103310_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.12 1.91 0 AA220427 104740_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.41 2.78 UNK_AW125318 AW125318 95428_at 0.00 0.00 2.83 0.00 1.99 0.00 D1WSU40E AA688761 104602_at 0.00 1.59 0.00 0.00 1.70 3.29 UNK_AW121972 AW121972 104640_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.44 2.40 2.19 UNK_AI464596 AI464596 104639_i_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.93 2.83 0.00 UNK__AI464596 AI464596 104225_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.10 2.21 UNK_AI645050 AI645050 100054_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.09 0.00 ENDOG AW123127 107513_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.31 3.11 2.79 UNK_AW123087 AW123087 95708_at 0.00 2.11 3.22 5.70 7.02 8.87 UNK_AI843466 AI843466 98016_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.43 0.00 0.00 D3WSU161E AA981268 95477_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.08 2.36 UNK_AW125185 AW125185 99621_s_at 0.00 2.08 2.54 2.56 2.88 2.85 splicing factor AA690583 proline/glutamine rich (polypyrimidine tract-binding protein- associated) (human) 97295_at 0.00 2.47 4.02 4.10 3.48 2.80 UNK_AW122331 AW122331 104116_at 2.55 2.60 2.64 1.68 0.00 0.00 UNK_AW124049 AW124049 107574_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.45 2.15 3.00 UNK_AI836723 AI836723 98092_at 3.04 3.06 5.10 7.71 4.52 10.69 D5WSU111E AA790307 104176_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.07 3.97 UNK_AI850941 AI850941 96675_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.94 2.68 2.48 UNK_AW124245 AW124245 104168_at 0.00 2.74 2.34 3.99 2.65 3.50 UNK_AA791742 AA791742 94237_at 0.00 2.35 3.47 5.76 4.82 3.95 D6WSU137E AI846708 95541_at 0.00 2.27 0.00 4.67 5.62 5.12 D6WSU176E AW125506 104300_at 0.00 1.95 2.90 6.09 4.75 5.14 IQGAP1 AI117936 95032_at 0.00 3.40 3.29 6.75 7.34 1.97 PRC1 AA856349 103871_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.06 3.70 1.44 UNK_AW123729 AW123729 110005_at 0.00 1.94 0.00 3.25 7.31 5.69 UNK_AA839741 AA839741 103862_r_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.45 2.02 2.13 D7WSU128E AA388099 103861_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.07 2.29 0.00 D7WSU128E AA388099 95709_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.89 6.25 6.07 D7WSU86E AW012491 106634_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.10 0.00 0.00 UNK_AW123293 AW123293 96325_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.66 2.12 D8WSU108E AW124874 95430_f_at 0.00 1.77 0.00 2.65 2.71 3.32 D9WSU18E AI854154 98045_s_at 2.72 5.83 3.95 5.13 4.15 3.08 disabled homolog 2 U18869 (Drosophila); Dab2 98044_at 1.21 2.07 0.00 0.00 1.74 0.00 disabled homolog 2 U18869 (Drosophila); Dab2 96008_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.99 2.36 0.00 DAD1 U81052 117012_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 7.90 3.56 UNK_AW105743 AW105743 117011_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.01 0.00 UNK_AW105743 AW105743 103430_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.05 0.00 UNK_AW124952 AW124952 95529_at 0.00 1.86 2.09 5.10 2.54 3.94 drebrin-like; Dbnl U58884 98071_f_at 0.00 2.00 3.67 3.69 3.07 3.72 deoxycytidine X77731 kinase; Dck 101104_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.46 1.46 2.07 critical region gene AB001990 a; Dcra 96636_at 0.00 1.43 1.65 2.07 1.84 1.97 UNK_AI852649 AI852649 95682_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.05 2.47 1.54 DDB1 AB026432 95683_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.88 2.50 1.80 DDB1 AB026432 100513_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.68 4.36 3.45 DDEF1 AF075461 101074_at 0.00 0.00 2.79 4.38 3.63 2.36 phosphooligosaccha D89063 ride-protein glycotransferase; Ddost 103598_at 0.00 1.59 0.00 3.29 2.24 2.18 DDX9 U91922 131478_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.96 3.79 DECR2 AW120654 95688_at 0.00 1.75 1.72 2.39 2.05 2.52 spermatocyte Y08460 homolog (Drosophila); Degs 93188_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.20 11.48 5.36 DKK3 AJ243964 102207_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.35 3.26 UNK_AW123249 AW123249 101975_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.62 3.17 DLK1 Z12171 92332_at 0.00 0.00 2.88 0.00 2.22 0.00 distal-less M80540 homeobox 2; Dlx2 92930_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.22 7.47 distal-less U67840 homeobox 5; Dlx5 96703_at 0.00 1.79 3.01 7.33 9.33 5.98 UNK_AB029448 AB029448 103344_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.04 2.64 DnaJ-like protein 1; L16953 Dnajl1 99184_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.89 2.60 DNASE2 AW120896 96298_f_at 0.00 1.82 1.92 3.10 3.96 3.65 UNK_AF020185 AF020185 103030_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.57 7.87 4.91 dynamin; Dnm L31397 103031_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.09 3.12 dynamin; Dnm L31397 101445_at 0.00 2.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 DNMT AF036008 113211_at 0.00 0.00 3.68 4.25 6.78 3.64 DNT-PENDING AW049974 102896_at 0.00 0.00 2.04 3.64 4.81 3.43 tyrosine kinase 1; U78818 Dok1 102334_at 3.08 3.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 DOK2 AF059583 101503_at 3.58 3.12 4.04 8.95 7.81 5.99 dihydropyrimidinase- X87817 like 3; Dpysl3 102374_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.74 4.92 DSCR1L2 AI847661 97341_at 0.00 2.40 3.13 6.07 15.30 4.95 DXIMX39E AW124082 96813_f_at 0.00 0.00 1.72 2.21 1.85 2.48 DXIMX46E AI852973 112941_f_at 0.00 1.46 2.93 3.92 4.37 4.97 UNK_AA960514 AA960514 112940_i_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.74 5.32 7.05 UNK_AA960514 AA960514 115503_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.37 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI536452 AI536452 93306_at 0.00 1.46 0.00 2.07 1.87 1.74 polyposis coli U51196 binding protein Eb1; Eb1 96627_at 0.00 2.70 0.00 4.71 4.42 3.78 Ca2+ antagonist X97755 (emopamil) binding protein; Ebp 97411_at 0.00 2.04 3.41 2.85 4.03 1.78 ect2 oncogene; Ect2 L11316 92352_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 3.30 EDG3 AF108021 92867_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.47 3.82 EDR2 AF060076 113230_at 0.00 12.60 18.55 27.29 46.06 32.08 UNK_AW210333 AW210333 98407_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.30 3.00 ephrin B1; Efhb1 U07602 96195_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.74 5.31 embryonal Fyn- U57686 associated substrate; Efs 101842_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.82 0.00 EGFR AW049716 115396_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.40 0.00 UNK_AW212285 AW212285 93058_at 0.00 2.41 2.49 4.00 4.26 3.39 UNK_AF026481 AF026481 103537_at 0.00 1.28 0.00 0.00 1.95 2.34 EIF2AK3 AF076681 99101_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.72 2.29 0.00 EIF3S7 AB012580 92816_r_at 0.00 1.75 1.97 0.00 2.95 2.45 EIF4A1 X03039 93783_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.98 0.00 0 M27347 99984_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.33 2.51 ELK3 L19953 101560_at 2.84 8.50 10.71 11.39 7.26 13.98 EMB AW061330 97426_at 0.00 1.52 2.41 2.31 3.42 2.86 EMP1 X98471 93593_f_at 2.04 3.04 3.13 4.60 5.82 4.88 EMP3 U87948 103507_at 0.00 4.51 20.15 12.03 5.17 6.40 containing, mucin- X93328 like, hormone receptor-like sequence 1; Emr1 100134_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.01 4.92 4.32 endoglin; Eng X77952 106642_at 0.00 0.00 1.68 0.00 3.70 1.79 UNK_AW260744 AW260744 104174_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.50 8.69 10.09 phosphodiesterase J02700 I/nucleotide pyrophosphatase 1; Pdnp1 115369_at 0.00 0.00 2.74 4.43 7.92 3.04 EPB4.1L3 AI835976 96623_at 0.00 2.54 2.75 4.70 5.02 3.50 EPCS21-PENDING AI853172 103980_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.49 0.00 Epha2 U07634 95298_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.47 1.35 Epha3 M68513 93469_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.34 0.00 EPHB3 Z49086 104482_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.75 0.00 epimorphin; Epim D10475 98992_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.10 3.71 0.00 EPPB9-PENDING AB030483 104006_at 0.00 2.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 factor receptor L21768 pathway substrate 15; Eps15 93670_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.02 4.90 3.90 ERF AW048233 94040_at 0.00 1.72 0.00 2.76 2.29 1.74 rudimentary D73368 homolog (Drosophila); Erh 98129_at 0.00 1.68 0.00 4.36 7.07 5.75 UNK_AI852553 AI852553 113283_at 0.00 0.00 2.92 3.42 2.28 4.63 ESTM25 AI036047 113563_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.14 2.15 ESTM3 AI845154 100348_at 0.00 0.00 3.31 0.00 3.48 2.28 ESTM4 AW214136 98025_at 1.99 3.06 3.68 5.90 5.31 4.61 integration site 2; M34896 Evi2 98026_g_at 0.00 2.64 3.50 4.48 4.34 4.88 integration site 2; M34896 Evi2 94810_at 0.00 1.61 0.00 2.32 2.75 2.25 Ewing sarcoma X79233 homolog; Ewsh 102811_at 0.00 1.49 2.88 2.92 4.07 10.13 exostoses (multiple) X96639 1; Ext1 141160_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.92 7.94 16.18 EXT1 AA710704 99929_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.47 2.05 EXT2 U72141 99917_at 0.00 0.00 2.33 2.28 2.10 0.00 enhancer of zeste U52951 homolog 2 (Drosophila); Ezh2 95313_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.80 5.33 UNK_AW046032 AW046032 98967_at 0.00 6.61 7.73 7.50 4.13 2.08 protein 7, brain; U04827 Fabp7 98588_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.92 5.68 4.75 FAH Z11774 92441_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.93 5.31 12.02 FAP Y10007 96119_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.68 4.93 UNK_AA797604 AA797604 102114_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.74 7.50 UNK_AI326963 AI326963 94309_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.66 2.46 fibulin 1; Fbln1 X70853 101090_at 0.00 1.63 0.00 3.44 2.92 3.24 fibrillin 1; Fbn1 L29454 103623_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 −0.04 3.50 0.00 fibrillin 2; Fbn2 L39790 130689_at 0.00 1.99 0.00 4.20 3.52 0.00 FBXO17 AI957104 102879_s_at 2.15 2.81 3.04 3.28 2.15 0.00 Fc receptor, IgG, M31314 high affinity I; Fcgr1 101793_at 9.28 18.31 11.96 6.48 1.72 0.00 FCGR1 X70980 102337_s_at 0.00 6.07 3.61 4.74 4.61 2.61 FCGR2B M31312 97327_at 0.00 2.17 3.19 3.45 1.91 0.00 specific L26320 endonuclease 1; 92188_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 2.16 2.22 feline sarcoma X12616 oncogene; Fes 93674_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.36 3.64 0.00 dysplasia homolog; U22325 Fgd1 115755_g_at 0.00 0.00 2.87 3.03 0.00 0.00 FGD2 AA958624 97509_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 2.61 FGFR1 U22324 93090_at 0.00 2.25 0.00 0.00 15.83 12.11 FGFR2 M23362 93091_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.79 8.09 factor receptor 2; M63503 Fgfr2 100884_at 0.00 8.62 5.24 11.29 12.67 10.44 factor regulated U04204 protein; Fgfrp 108539_at 1.30 2.97 3.41 3.92 1.57 0.00 FGFRP2-PENDING AI853558 100986_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.61 2.26 2.55 FHL2 AF055889 99176_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.80 2.04 UNK_AI843393 AI843393 97421_at 0.00 3.18 3.75 4.37 5.50 2.59 factor inducible 16; U42385 Fin16 93294_at 6.49 4.31 6.60 6.52 9.13 4.84 secreted protein; M70642 Fisp12 103248_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.54 0.00 FKBP1B AF060872 99546_at 0.00 2.31 0.00 3.07 2.84 2.41 protein 2 (13 kDa); M77831 Fkbp2 99082_at 0.00 2.02 2.88 8.30 16.01 13.94 protein 6 (65 kDa); L07063 Fkbp6 104746_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.08 8.21 6.92 FKBP7 AF040252 93731_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.75 3.90 3.42 FKBP9 AF090334 98441_at 0.00 2.19 2.46 3.50 3.23 2.83 retardation L23971 syndrome 1 homolog; Fmr1 104172_at 0.00 1.74 2.18 2.78 1.72 0.00 folate binding protein M64817 2; Folbp2 92838_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.65 0.00 FSCN1 L33726 98817_at 0.00 2.64 0.00 0.00 4.80 0.00 follistatin; Fst Z29532 105369_at 0.00 0.00 2.20 2.45 3.39 3.07 UNK_AW123943 AW123943 94833_at 0.00 1.28 0.00 3.60 2.58 3.49 follistatin-like; Fstl M91380 103394_at 1.84 3.58 3.01 6.10 4.57 16.04 containing ion U72680 transport regulator 5; Fxyd5 100133_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.50 2.89 3.88 FYN M27266 93681_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.25 7.24 0.00 UNK_AW123618 AW123618 97531_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.58 0.00 0.00 G0/G1 switch gene X95280 2; G0s2 97516_at 0.00 2.18 2.47 4.38 4.79 5.05 alpha glucosidase 2, U92793 alpha neutral subunit; G2an 101294_g_at 0.00 3.52 2.38 0.00 1.94 3.20 G6PD2 Z84471 102292_at 2.03 2.13 1.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 DDIT1 U00937 101979_at 2.21 2.10 0.00 2.23 2.97 0.00 GADD45G AF055638 109336_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.83 0.00 GADD45G AI035425 103367_at 0.00 2.04 0.00 0.00 2.18 2.73 UDP-N-acetyl-alpha- U18975 D-galactosamine: (N- acetylneuraminyl)- galactosylglucosyl- ceramide-beta-1, 4-N- acetylgalactosaminyl transferase; Galgt1 115517_at 0.00 1.62 0.00 0.00 3.39 3.09 GALNS AI845504 94338_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.27 0.00 growth arrest M21828 specific 2; Gas2 98530_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.47 2.41 GAS5 AI849615 98531_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.10 2.16 1.73 GAS5 AI849615 99067_at 0.00 1.65 1.75 2.27 2.93 2.61 growth arrest X59846 specific 6; Gas6 100488_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.15 2.08 2.54 acid beta M24119 glucosidase; Gba 103202_at 0.00 0.00 3.29 4.08 1.83 3.84 GBP3 AW047476 114351_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 2.75 4.42 GCL AA727943 92655_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.20 1.93 0.00 glucosaminyl (N- U19265 acetyl) transferase 1, core 2; Gcnt1 109332_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.55 2.61 0.00 UNK_AW046226 AW046226 103590_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.29 5.83 3.68 UNK_AI507104 AI507104 93575_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.41 3.91 GGH AF051102 102993_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.30 3.20 2.75 glycoprotein M85153 galactosyltransferase alpha 1, 3; Ggta1 100064_f_at 0.00 2.51 1.94 4.11 5.60 7.77 GJA1 M63801 100065_r_at 0.00 2.36 1.96 3.86 7.28 15.07 GJA1 M63801 104016_at 0.00 2.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 gap junction M91236 membrane channel protein beta 5; Gjb5 100395_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.10 0.00 GLI-Kruppel family X99104 member GLI2; Gli2 97820_at 0.00 0.00 2.46 3.78 9.89 2.84 GLK AB027012 99141_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.91 1.71 4.95 activator protein; U09816 Gm2a 111347_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.18 2.61 3.02 UNK_AI842321 AI842321 112203_at 0.00 0.00 2.28 0.00 3.41 3.74 UNK_AI159117 AI159117 97227_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.05 0.00 guanine nucleotide M63659 binding protein, alpha 12; Gna12 97195_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.55 2.31 binding protein, U38501 alpha inhibiting 1; Gnai1 99597_at 0.00 3.19 1.89 3.28 2.96 3.96 GNAI2 AI841629 99596_f_at 0.00 1.55 0.00 2.57 2.74 2.78 binding protein, M13963 alpha inhibiting 2; Gnai2 99598_g_at 0.00 1.78 1.70 2.78 2.19 2.94 GNAI2 AI841629 98403_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.76 0.00 binding protein, X65026 related sequence 1; Gna-rs1 94854_g_at 0.00 0.00 1.55 2.04 2.09 2.16 guanine nucleotide U29055 binding protein, beta 1; Gnb1 97458_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.21 2.02 2.23 GNB1 AI845935 94853_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.38 1.75 2.56 guanine nucleotide U29055 binding protein, beta 1; Gnb1 96911_at 0.00 1.70 0.00 2.58 2.86 2.20 guanine nucleotide U34960 binding protein, beta 2; Gnb2 107026_at 0.00 0.00 1.56 1.38 2.66 2.01 UNK_AW123052 AW123052 93949_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.26 2.32 1.69 guanine nucleotide M63658 binding protein, beta 4; Gnb4 99175_at 0.00 1.95 0.00 3.06 3.53 3.40 GNG10 AI843396 100418_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.34 0.00 GNG2 AW123750 104469_at 0.00 3.50 3.20 3.84 3.87 3.68 Gp38 M73748 100325_at 2.62 2.49 3.65 4.12 4.79 5.72 glycoprotein 49 M65027 A, glycoprotein 49 B; Gp49a, Gp49b 92217_s_at 2.14 2.62 2.84 3.41 3.42 3.67 Gp49b U05265 100435_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.50 2.76 GPCR26 U13370 96978_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.31 2.20 GPH-PENDING AB025258 92611_at 0.00 1.62 2.76 2.64 3.18 2.91 P137 U18773 102040_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.38 0.00 GPRK6 Y15798 104257_g_at 1.81 3.32 4.39 2.84 3.70 4.44 UNK_AI120844 AI120844 93690_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.63 2.81 GRB10 AF022072 93691_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.82 5.28 2.39 receptor bound U18996 protein 10; Grb10 92263_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.94 7.69 6.29 leucine rich protein, AC002397 B7 gene; Lrpb7 94217_f_at 0.00 1.72 0.00 2.30 2.06 1.45 leucine rich protein, AC002397 B7 gene; Lrpb7 103993_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.50 3.02 leucine rich protein, AC002397 B7 gene; Lrpb7 130710_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.21 3.04 UNK_AA869432 AA869432 93066_at 0.00 2.00 3.08 4.01 3.19 5.73 CRN D16195 95348_at 0.00 3.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gro1 J04596 108045_at 0.00 0.00 4.00 8.85 37.24 14.80 UNK_AA798520 AA798520 101060_at 0.00 1.98 2.32 4.79 4.52 3.76 reticulum protein; M73329 Erp 98052_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.10 3.20 2.28 GS15 AF003999 94369_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.95 3.81 GSNPAT-PENDING AW123026 94811_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.37 1.72 0.00 factor IIH, AJ002366 polypeptide 1 (62 kD subunit); Gtf2h1 93588_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.44 3.31 4.17 Gtl3 Z54179 98410_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.35 1.93 2.75 GTPI AJ007972 98950_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.95 1.89 2.29 GTR2 AB017616 103038_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.95 2.54 2.11 guanylate cyclase L36860 activator 1a (retina); Guca1a 97538_at 0.00 2.21 3.31 4.47 4.17 7.37 GUS-S M19279 102688_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.31 0.00 GZMD X56990 102728_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.71 0.00 GZME M36901 92866_at 0.00 2.07 0.00 2.67 2.11 4.52 H2-AA X52643 100998_at 0.00 3.08 0.00 3.81 2.27 3.97 H2-AB1 M21932 94805_f_at 0.00 2.32 2.24 3.40 2.34 1.33 UNK_M33988 M33988 93019_at 0.00 0.00 1.29 2.00 3.96 1.92 HIST5-2AX Z35401 101954_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.47 2.13 1.72 H2afz U70494 97541_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.94 2.21 4.21 D region locus 1; H2- X00246 D 97540_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.17 1.64 2.90 D region locus 1; H2- M69069 D 101886_f_at 0.00 1.56 1.67 2.67 2.22 3.64 H2-L X52490 98035_s_at 0.00 4.04 0.00 0.00 2.47 9.55 H2-DMB1 U35330 98034_at 0.00 1.58 0.00 0.00 2.12 0.00 H2-DMB1 U35330 94285_at 0.00 2.10 0.00 2.71 2.02 3.96 class II antigen E X00958 beta; H2-Eb1 97173_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.33 2.95 7.12 H2-K2 M27134 103371_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.62 3.44 2.54 UNK_AF100956 AF100956 102161_f_at 0.00 1.46 0.00 3.22 2.08 4.39 H2-Q2 X58609 98438_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.74 1.78 3.55 H2-Q7 X16202 93865_s_at 0.00 0.00 2.00 2.91 2.15 2.95 histocompatibility 2, M35244 T region locus 10, histocompatibility 2, T region locus 17, histocompatibility 2, T region locus 22, histocompatibility 2, T region locus 9; H2-T10, H2-T17, H2- T22, H2-T9 98472_at 0.00 0.00 2.30 3.40 2.50 4.96 H2-T23 Y00629 100708_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.88 2.50 2.60 H3 histone, family X13605 3B; H3f3b 111734_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.21 3.18 4.05 UNK_AW121301 AW121301 104125_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.35 1.70 1.64 HAIR-PENDING AA763673 92580_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.68 0.00 0.00 histidyl tRNA U39473 synthetase; Hars 98865_at 0.00 2.65 0.00 3.33 3.29 0.00 hyaluronan synthase U52524 2; Has2 105550_at 0.00 1.93 2.61 2.31 2.78 0.00 HAS2 AI122156 103286_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.02 3.13 0.00 UNK_AB012611 AB012611 93483_at 2.86 5.24 2.12 3.21 10.07 3.83 lemopoietic cell J03023 kinase; Hck 99461_at 1.98 5.10 3.27 2.70 2.63 0.00 hematopoietic cell X84797 specific Lyn substrate 1; Hcls1 102851_s_at 0.00 2.75 5.77 5.45 2.90 4.43 HCPH M68902 96046_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.52 1.79 0.00 HDAC1 X98207 92730_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.16 0.00 0.00 epidermal growth L07264 factor-like growth factor; Hegfl 97334_at 0.00 1.95 0.00 0.00 4.41 0.00 HES6 AW048812 94840_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.49 2.45 7.00 Hexa U05837 101913_at 0.00 2.34 0.00 3.35 3.35 1.98 HEY1 AW214298 98628_f_at 0.00 1.91 0.00 3.83 3.98 3.08 factor 1, alpha AF003695 subunit; Hif1a 98629_f_at 0.00 1.97 0.00 3.82 3.68 3.30 HIF1A Y09085 93250_r_at 0.00 4.01 0.00 7.33 4.74 4.32 HMG2 X67668 104285_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.78 0.00 methylglutaryl- M62766 Coenzyme A reductase; Hmgcr 96699_at 0.00 1.71 1.85 3.26 3.43 2.91 high mobility group X53476 protein 14; Hmg14 101589_at 0.00 2.37 2.80 4.52 3.86 3.35 high mobility group X12944 protein 17; Hmg17 93276_at 0.00 1.63 2.23 2.32 2.69 2.00 neurological U90123 expressed sequence 1; Hn1 97272_at 0.00 1.75 2.19 3.44 4.86 3.11 HNRPA1 M99167 94303_at 0.00 0.57 2.05 0.00 1.69 3.51 nuclear U11274 ribonucleoprotein D; Hnrpd 101485_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.33 3.02 2.04 HNRPDL AW124859 93990_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.21 1.76 1.61 0 Y14196 95232_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.94 1.75 2.79 HNRPL AB009392 96092_at 0.00 5.71 8.04 13.88 15.44 15.06 haptoglobin; Hp M96827 93351_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.99 7.54 hydroxyprostaglandin U44389 dehydrogenase 15 (NAD); Hpgd 102306_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.65 4.58 3.02 HS2ST1 AF060178 101962_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.86 2.30 HSC70 AI854884 97261_at 0.00 1.77 0.00 0.00 2.16 2.28 HSJ2 AF055664 100353_g_at 0.00 2.82 0.00 0.00 2.79 0.00 HSPA4 AA919208 99816_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.43 0.00 heat shock protein, M20567 70 kDa 2; Hsp70-2 95282_at 0.00 2.04 0.00 2.82 1.71 1.47 heat shock protein, J04633 86 kDa 1; Hsp86-1 101955_at 0.00 1.92 1.98 3.00 2.30 1.78 GRP78 AJ002387 96254_at 0.00 1.99 0.00 0.00 3.44 3.03 HSPF1 AB028272 101399_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.72 0.00 pertecan (heparan M77174 sulfate proteoglycan 2); Hspg2 94236_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.44 1.97 UNK_AI838152 AI838152 100476_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.82 135.39 85.11 IBSP L20232 100050_at 2.63 14.09 11.54 10.70 4.20 6.22 inhibitor of DNA M31885 binding 1; Idb1 92614_at 4.55 9.82 5.87 7.78 9.53 9.08 inhibitor of DNA M60523 binding 3; Idb3 99109_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.13 2.22 1.86 immediate early M59821 response 2; Ier2 94384_at 0.00 1.56 0.00 3.55 1.73 2.13 immediate early X67644 response 3; Ier3 92251_f_at 0.00 1.84 2.88 3.49 2.71 3.51 UNK_AA960657 AA960657 94224_s_at 0.00 2.12 3.85 3.55 2.35 2.62 UNK_M74123 M74123 98465_f_at 0.00 2.15 4.38 5.23 3.24 3.50 interferon activated M31419 gene 204; Ifi204 104750_at 0.00 3.40 7.66 4.69 2.10 4.67 interferon gamma M63630 inducible protein, 47 kDa; Ifi47 100981_at 0.00 0.00 8.75 0.00 3.37 2.08 interferon-induced U43084 protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1; Ifit1 112340_at 0.00 0.00 4.49 1.51 0.00 0.00 UNK_AA178653 AA178653 103639_at 0.00 0.00 4.82 7.01 2.67 2.35 interferon-induced U43085 protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2; Ifit2 93956_at 0.00 0.00 4.25 6.35 0.00 0.00 IFIT3 U43086 100483_at 0.00 0.00 2.24 3.74 4.92 4.19 interferon (alpha and M89641 beta) receptor Ifnar 101014_at 0.00 0.00 3.34 0.00 2.93 3.31 IFNAR2 Y09864 101015_s_at 0.00 2.18 1.84 1.70 3.80 5.13 IFNAR2 AF013486 100552_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.89 1.88 2.16 IFNGR M28233 95546_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.10 6.23 5.82 insulin-like growth X04480 factor 1; Igf1 98623_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.20 2.42 IGF2 X71922 95082_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.92 4.18 IGFBP3 AI842277 95083_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.76 6.72 factor binding X81581 protein 3; Igfbp3 101571_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.58 7.05 8.40 IGFBP4 X76066 103949_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.03 0.00 Indian hedgehog X76291 homolog, (Drosophila); Ihh 101054_at 0.00 1.83 0.00 2.41 2.02 3.39 Ia-associated X00496 invariant chain; li 96764_at −2.18 0.00 4.23 4.92 2.47 10.03 UNK_AJ007971 AJ007971 111615_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.13 0.00 IKBKB AW209118 99491_at 0.00 2.16 1.76 1.96 3.49 3.19 interleukin 10 U53696 receptor, beta; Il10rb 99991_at 0.00 2.79 0.00 0.00 1.72 3.32 interleukin 17 U31993 receptor; Il17r 103486_at 0.63 2.39 2.75 3.67 2.17 4.47 Il1b M15131 93914_at 0.00 4.38 0.00 3.94 3.09 3.44 interleukin 1 M20658 receptor, type I; Il1r1 93871_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.89 1.33 3.75 IL1RN L32838 102021_at 3.54 27.39 6.36 13.28 10.97 6.34 interleukin 4 M27960 receptor, alpha; Il4ra 102218_at 0.00 2.71 0.00 1.55 0.00 0.00 interteukin 6; Il6 X54542 101499_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.26 2.76 2.65 ILK U94479 100277_at 0.00 0.00 2.28 5.04 4.35 0.00 inhibin beta-A; Inhba X69619 94399_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.14 2.02 INPP5B AI843172 102884_at 0.00 2.24 1.00 2.31 1.62 1.57 polyphosphate-5- U51742 phosphatase, 145 kDa; Inpp5d 100561_at 0.00 1.75 1.98 2.97 3.51 4.48 IQGAP1 AW209098 99103_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.24 0.00 IRF3 AF036341 93425_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.88 0.00 0.00 interferon regulatory AF028725 factor 5; Irf5 104669_at 0.00 0.00 1.37 2.31 3.90 2.76 interferon regulatory U73037 factor 7; Irf7 98822_at 1.83 2.50 7.89 17.45 7.07 5.85 protein (15 kDa); X56602 Isg15 103634_at 0.00 2.12 0.00 3.40 4.00 3.66 interferon dependent U51992 positive acting transcription factor 3 gamma; Isgf3g 99010_at 0.00 1.49 0.00 2.51 4.56 3.66 ISLR AB024538 98366_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.16 3.20 integrin alpha V U14135 (Cd51); Itgav 100124_r_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.19 1.92 2.34 ITGB1 X15202 102353_at 1.84 2.21 2.43 2.51 3.29 7.22 ITGB2 M31039 94826_at 0.00 1.64 1.82 2.47 2.59 1.69 ITGB4BP Y11460 100601_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.93 0.00 ITGB5 AF022110 103611_at 0.00 1.73 0.00 2.11 2.33 2.77 ITGP AB012693 98922_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.69 2.27 intergral membrane L34260 protein 1; Itm1 93511_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.04 0.00 integral membrane L38971 protein 2; Itm2 96283_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.19 9.42 7.02 UNK_AI849180 AI849180 99509_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.28 0.00 JAK3 L40172 103816_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.96 1.74 2.64 JCAM U89915 102362_i_at 2.25 5.90 2.20 8.24 4.87 0.00 Junb U20735 102363_r_at 0.00 6.13 3.53 14.86 4.92 0.00 Junb U20735 102364_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.24 2.09 JUND1 J04509 114683_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.12 4.85 KAP AW125126 102892_at 0.00 2.18 0.00 0.00 1.30 1.61 KCNAB2 U65592 109931_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.27 2.96 UNK_AW214619 AW214619 102335_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.22 5.08 KCNK1 AF033017 104652_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 3.71 KCNK2 AI849601 102198_at 0.00 5.02 4.23 5.49 6.12 6.03 KCNN4 AF042487 102644_at 0.00 2.13 2.16 3.29 3.28 4.38 derived transcript 1; U13371 Kdt1 106026_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.22 1.11 0.00 KELCHL AI845205 99541_at 0.00 0.00 2.42 2.19 2.31 1.50 KIFL1 AJ223293 94276_at 0.00 2.50 0.00 2.52 1.93 2.89 UNK_AF064635 AF064635 100010_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.38 2.04 Kruppel-like factor 3 U36340 (basic); Klf3 99622_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.46 2.79 Kruppel-like factor 4 U20344 (gut); Klf4 102707_f_at 0.00 0.00 3.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 kallikrein binding X61597 protein; Klkbp 93677_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.68 2.07 1.74 KLRD1 AF030311 92790_at 0.00 3.36 3.06 3.84 3.02 2.72 (importin) alpha 2; D55720 Kpna2 97991_at 0.00 2.56 0.00 0.00 2.22 0.00 Kirsten rat sarcoma X02452 oncogene 2, expressed; Kras2 97909_at 0.00 5.50 6.71 11.66 11.44 8.79 UNK_AI838080 AI838080 104587_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.06 4.57 4.63 Lama4 U69176 101948_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.83 5.29 1.96 LAMB1-1 X05212 140322_at 0.00 0.00 2.48 2.50 2.39 2.59 LAMP2 AW018326 100136_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.49 2.82 2.87 LAMP2 M32017 100012_at 0.00 2.03 3.10 3.09 4.43 8.86 associated protein U29539 transmembrane 5; Laptm5 93793_at 0.00 1.73 1.73 3.30 4.36 5.96 LASP1 AW122780 93930_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.83 4.32 4.37 LIM and SH3 protein U58882 1; Lasp1 114629_at 0.00 0.68 2.63 3.49 1.80 2.04 UNK_AW124408 AW124408 102957_at 0.00 3.04 0.00 3.19 2.47 4.63 lymphocyte cytosolic U20159 protein 2; Lcp2 93682_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.02 1.93 LDB3 U89489 93797_g_at 0.00 2.55 1.84 3.48 3.05 2.86 TCFL1 AW123952 93798_at 0.00 2.67 0.00 3.36 3.02 3.32 TCFL1 AI839988 93600_at 0.00 1.83 2.22 2.93 3.37 4.78 LEPR AJ011565 100431_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.53 5.21 leptin receptor Lepr U42467 95706_at 0.00 0.00 1.74 4.15 3.83 10.29 binding, soluble 3; X16834 Lgals3 103335_at 0.00 1.81 2.08 2.99 2.89 2.47 binding, soluble 9; U55060 Lgals9 104659_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.33 11.04 LIFR D17444 104657_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.77 3.26 leukemia inhibitory D26177 factor receptor; Lifr 102123_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.18 1.67 3.11 UNK_Z31689 Z31689 98059_s_at 0.00 2.68 2.74 4.63 3.92 2.97 lamin A; Lmna D49733 93666_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 LMO2 M64360 95069_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.14 2.18 UNK_AA940430 AA940430 98122_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.19 1.94 LMO4 AF074600 93939_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.16 1.74 LNK U89993 93885_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.92 3.59 LOC53423 AB034693 94997_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.76 2.65 LOC53423 AF060883 101518_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.58 5.95 4.14 uterine protein; U38981 LOC55978 92569_f_at 0.00 0.00 2.09 2.56 2.98 0.00 LOC55989 AF053232 115414_at 0.00 2.55 0.00 2.70 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI849017 AI849017 104524_at 0.00 1.64 1.93 0.00 2.21 3.77 UNK_AI842825 AI842825 96260_at 0.00 0.00 1.44 2.63 2.92 3.01 UNK_AB021491 AB021491 116843_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 2.61 2.86 UNK_AW045920 AW045920 93753_at 0.00 1.85 1.80 3.48 2.78 4.85 UNK_AI852632 AI852632 109105_i_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.57 4.79 4.72 UNK_AW122202 AW122202 109106_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.28 2.86 1.89 UNK_AW122202 AW122202 111200_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.70 0.00 UNK_AA726446 AA726446 96139_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.31 0.00 UNK_AF001797 AF001797 113180_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.75 0.00 UNK_AW125855 AW125855 113101_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.07 0.00 UNK_AI644869 AI644869 113215_i_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.52 1.42 UNK_AI850449 AI850449 113231_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.09 2.43 2.31 UNK_AI854099 AI854099 111385_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.75 0.00 UNK_AA734127 AA734127 138455_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.25 4.54 7.46 UNK_AI847317 AI847317 107403_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.41 2.12 UNK_AW047735 AW047735 111239_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.67 3.73 1.58 UNK_AI428160 AI428160 100408_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.27 0.00 UNK_AA839465 AA839465 116332_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.64 0.00 UNK_AW228823 AW228823 111391_at 0.00 2.16 0.00 2.12 4.09 3.51 UNK_AI846729 AI846729 101073_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.86 1.89 2.07 low density X67469 lipoprotein receptor related protein; Lrp 92564_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.44 1.96 LRRFIP1 AI891475 104093_at 0.00 1.65 0.00 3.08 7.88 3.15 LSP1 D49691 103571_at 0.00 2.58 2.53 4.71 12.61 7.37 LST1 U72644 100540_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.94 2.39 2.10 leukotriene A4 M63848 hydrolase; Lta4h 103209_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.04 0.00 UNK_AF022889 AF022889 92335_at 2.27 5.35 4.42 7.37 8.46 3.49 growth factor beta AF004874 binding protein 2; Ltbp2 96090_a_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.48 2.59 UNK_AI255972 AI255972 93353_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.37 4.25 4.32 lumican; Lum AF013262 96065_at 0.00 2.48 2.99 4.79 10.45 4.81 latexin; Lxn D88769 114822_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.23 1.71 2.53 UNK_AA762251 AA762251 100771_at 0.00 2.32 0.00 3.22 2.64 0.00 LY57 AF068182 100772_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.32 3.38 0.00 LY57 AF068182 93078_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.01 0.00 0.00 LY6 X04653 101487_f_at 0.00 1.52 1.77 2.89 2.34 2.43 LY6E U47737 94425_at 0.00 2.66 1.85 3.26 2.53 2.88 LY86 AB007599 100468_g_at 0.00 1.84 2.02 2.66 1.65 2.94 lymphoblastomic X57687 leukemia; Lyl1 100467_at 0.00 0.00 2.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 lymphoblastomic X57687 leukemia; Lyl1 103349_at 0.00 2.70 2.60 0.00 4.26 0.00 viral (v-yes-1) M57696 oncogene homolog; Lyn 101753_s_at 0.00 1.77 2.34 3.14 2.90 3.36 LZP-S X51547 100477_at 0.00 3.23 0.00 7.39 9.49 5.76 hypothetical protein M32486 19.5; p19.5 92847_s_at 0.00 1.93 1.57 3.01 1.89 3.90 M6PR X56831 96865_at 0.00 0.00 1.70 2.61 3.59 3.60 alanine rich protein M60474 kinase C substrate; Macs 99632_at 0.00 3.64 3.71 5.79 4.99 3.29 MAD2L1 U83902 99024_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.37 3.96 3.22 Max dimerization U32395 protein 4; Mad4 102983_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.26 2.67 2.46 MADH1 U58992 102984_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.46 2.38 MADH1 U58992 104536_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.18 2.08 2.27 MADH2 U60530 104220_at 2.64 2.73 2.60 2.03 1.86 1.93 MADH6 AF010133 114338_at 0.00 2.06 2.77 3.20 3.21 4.58 MAFB AI642664 102204_at 0.00 2.04 0.00 1.93 3.78 3.95 musculoaponeurotic L36435 fibrosarcoma oncogene family, protein B (avian); Mafb 117143_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.70 2.61 3.69 MAFB AW213708 117144_r_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.02 3.31 MAFB AW213708 105228_at 0.00 1.54 0.00 1.91 3.85 3.66 MAN1B AI528764 110305_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.70 3.60 MAN1B AA960561 104628_at 0.00 1.85 0.00 4.09 2.33 3.10 mannosidase 2, X61172 alpha 1; Man2a1 99562_at 0.00 2.00 2.50 3.15 3.16 4.31 MAN2B1 U87240 102195_at 0.00 0.00 2.76 2.19 2.65 3.58 protein kinase U88984 kinase kinase kinase 4; Map4k4 103416_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.14 1.55 1.98 MAPK6 AI844810 98475_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.59 8.68 5.06 matrilin 2; Matn2 U69262 102089_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.72 0.00 MATN3 Y10521 96835_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.39 8.68 MATN4 AJ010984 99095_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.82 2.24 2.47 Max protein; Max M63903 96767_at 0.00 1.83 1.99 3.73 4.04 3.18 MBC2 AF098633 100062_at 0.00 2.91 3.11 3.83 3.44 2.47 maintenance X62154 deficient (S. cerevisiae); Mcmd 93112_at 0.00 0.00 1.92 0.00 2.36 0.00 MCMD2 D86725 93041_at 0.00 7.24 7.49 6.58 4.25 2.16 maintenance D26089 deficient 4 homolog (S. cerevisiae); Mcmd4 100156_at 0.00 7.39 9.72 7.89 7.48 2.57 maintenance D26090 deficient 5 (S. cerevisiae); McmdS 93356_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.28 2.63 maintenance D26091 deficient 7 (S. cerevisiae); Mcmd7 99133_at 0.00 2.08 1.76 3.23 3.10 2.32 monoclonal X14309 antibodies 4F2; Mdu1 103584_at 0.00 2.17 2.27 3.29 4.01 4.66 UNK_AW124334 AW124334 92607_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.80 35.79 13.98 MEST AF017994 101095_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.21 12.75 associated protein 2; L23769 Mfap2 131248_at 1.92 0.00 0.00 2.86 4.34 2.62 MFAP5-PENDING AI608002 99518_at 1.91 0.00 0.00 2.66 2.54 1.97 MFAP5-PENDING AW121179 92880_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.78 1.95 factor 8 protein; M38337 Mfge8 103080_at 0.00 2.28 3.11 3.79 2.29 3.86 IFN-gamma U15635 induced; Mg11 110672_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.18 0.00 0.00 MGL AW049068 93866_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.01 2.44 matrix gamma- D00613 carboxyglutamate (gla) protein; Mglap 104410_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.62 2.31 2.44 UNK_AW124785 AW124785 99457_at 0.00 4.86 5.97 6.25 6.68 4.02 antigen identified by X82786 monoclonal antibody Ki 67; Mki67 101069_g_at 0.00 1.70 0.00 0.00 2.03 3.10 MKRN1 AA656621 97203_at 0.00 4.21 3.45 4.84 7.71 7.84 MLP X61399 92331_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.67 3.92 endopeptidase; M81591 Mme 98280_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.80 2.98 UNK_AB021228 AB021228 112880_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.93 7.30 4.28 MMP23 AA144420 98833_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.53 2.49 metalloproteinase 3; X66402 Mmp3 99957_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 39.03 26.93 96.46 MMP9 X72795 95045_at 0.00 1.45 0.00 3.50 3.07 2.57 UNK_AI844469 AI844469 131220_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.24 0.00 UNK_AW123699 AW123699 95951_at 0.00 3.67 2.20 3.26 2.12 1.72 MPCL AF061272 99071_at 0.00 1.53 2.18 3.44 4.43 9.63 expressed gene 1; L20315 Mpeg1 94857_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.55 2.53 N-methylpurine-DNA U10420 glycosylase; Mpg 97803_at 0.00 2.84 3.15 3.77 2.11 3.63 membrane protein, U38196 palmitoylated (55 kDa); Mpp1 103226_at 3.09 5.30 3.98 3.64 2.84 2.41 mannose receptor, Z11974 C type 1; Mrc1 100759_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.71 3.67 mannose receptor, U56734 C type 2; Mrc2 96633_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.25 2.20 2.01 Sid393p; Sid393p AA529583 96632_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.23 1.96 1.69 UNK_AB025049 AB025049 96120_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.06 1.64 1.99 MRJ-PENDING AW124750 98373_at 0.00 2.29 3.59 2.69 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI462516 AI462516 93234_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.55 0.00 MSC AF087035 93602_at 0.00 2.16 0.00 0.00 3.26 2.23 UNK_AF074714 AF074714 93573_at 0.00 2.93 2.31 8.18 4.56 10.01 Mt1 V00835 101561_at 0.00 2.89 2.70 5.96 4.03 7.42 Mt2 K02236 108780_at 0.00 2.32 2.52 3.20 4.77 3.11 UNK_AI845395 AI845395 100046_at 0.00 0.00 3.84 6.20 4.36 3.26 folate J04627 dehydrogenase (NAD+ dependent), methenyltetrahydro- folate 98417_at 2.13 0.00 2.31 2.78 1.96 1.90 MX1 M21038 96285_at 0.00 1.55 1.71 3.13 2.84 2.61 MYADM AJ001616 104712_at 0.00 2.70 2.99 2.96 4.49 2.41 myelocytomatosis L00039 oncogene; Myc 102430_at 0.00 4.68 0.00 4.96 6.64 4.14 differentiation X51397 primary response gene 88; Myd88 106557_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.15 5.61 4.03 UNK_AI132668 AI132668 100923_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.80 2.22 MYO10 AJ249706 98409_at 0.00 0.00 1.41 2.83 7.66 9.17 myosin Ib; Myo1b L00923 95506_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.37 0.00 MYO1C U96723 101708_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.61 2.32 myosin If; Myo1f X97650 98968_at 0.00 1.84 2.19 1.68 1.71 2.15 myosin Va; Myo5a X57377 94713_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.66 4.15 myosin VIIa; Myo7a U81453 114776_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.11 8.64 5.61 MYO9B AA739159 102986_at 3.53 3.84 2.32 2.76 2.31 0.00 MYOD1 M18779 103053_at 0.00 3.08 0.00 8.00 4.91 0.00 MYOG X15784 94408_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.01 2.30 3.18 Ngfi-A binding U47008 protein 1; Nab1 100962_at 0.00 0.00 1.99 2.66 3.48 3.63 Ngfi-A binding U47543 protein 2; Nab2 103637_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.22 4.03 NAGA AJ223966 93373_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.21 6.08 alpha-N- U85247 acetylglucosaminidase (Sanfilippo disease IIIB); Naglu 98587_at 0.00 1.60 2.17 2.65 2.40 1.80 assembly protein 1- X61449 like 1; Nap1I1 101108_at 0.00 4.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 autoantigenic sperm AF034610 protein (histone- binding); Nasp 100153_at 0.00 0.00 1.32 4.10 4.06 2.79 neural cell adhesion X15052 molecule; Ncam 99633_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.26 0.00 NCDN-PENDING AB017608 102326_at 0.00 4.13 0.00 0.00 1.95 2.92 NCF2 AB002664 100144_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.36 2.06 0.00 nucleolin; Ncl X07699 94047_at 0.00 1.49 0.00 2.17 2.44 3.23 UNK_AW122935 AW122935 101059_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.49 2.14 0.00 NDN D76440 100472_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.04 2.49 1.99 NPC derived proline D10727 rich protein 1; Ndpp1 107467_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.05 2.13 1.80 UNK_AW047444 AW047444 92518_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.48 0.00 NEO1 Y09535 103549_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.88 2.33 0.00 NES AW061260 115217_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.02 3.11 NFAT5 AI852272 102209_at 0.00 0.00 3.02 6.06 3.92 12.16 NFATC1 AF087434 115215_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.96 7.00 13.80 UNK_AA638441 M638441 98427_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.48 1.83 2.18 NFKB1 M57999 100469_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 2.53 3.49 NFYA D78642 93563_s_at 0.00 2.18 3.71 4.33 5.30 3.48 NID2 AB017202 93318_at 0.00 0.00 3.63 0.00 1.52 0.00 NINJ1 U91513 92794_f_at 0.00 0.00 1.84 0.00 2.49 1.46 NME1 M35970 102047_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.17 0.00 0.00 NMT1 AF043326 101473_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.66 5.81 NNMT U86108 104132_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.32 3.69 0.00 NOC4 AW047276 106115_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.39 2.08 0.00 UNK_AI849335 AI849335 102028_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.05 2.85 3.43 NORE1 AF053959 100507_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.01 4.45 6.67 nephroblastoma Y09257 overexpressed gene; Nov 114812_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.08 6.43 3.89 UNK_AA869278 AA869278 99564_at 0.00 3.62 3.98 4.26 2.21 2.67 NP95 D87908 92626_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.12 3.55 2.70 differentiation and X67209 control gene 1; Npdc1 101634_at 0.00 0.00 1.77 2.55 2.14 0.00 Npm1 M33212 102796_at 0.00 3.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Npm3 U64450 101168_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.07 2.52 1.94 neoplastic Z31360 progression 1; Npn1 93202_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.18 1.62 5′ nucleotidase; Nt5 L12059 96666_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.20 0.00 N-terminal Asn U57692 amidase; Ntan1 94528_at 1.73 3.32 1.59 1.72 1.90 0.00 NUBP1 AI846206 94839_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.37 2.60 2.29 nucleobindin; Nucb M96823 102197_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.38 3.20 2.50 NUCB2 AJ222586 101593_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.55 0.00 UNK_AI851454 AI851454 108579_at 0.00 2.97 0.00 2.53 5.55 2.93 NUDT5 AI854177 93046_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.03 1.95 UNK_AW045233 AW045233 102231_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.53 3.00 OASIS-PENDING AB017614 107525_at 0.00 2.46 5.90 6.26 4.94 5.61 OASL AW211637 101002_at 0.00 2.02 0.00 2.36 1.89 1.67 decarboxylase AF032128 antizyme inhibitor; 99549_at 0.00 −3.17 0.00 0.00 3.34 2.12 osteoglycin; Ogn D31951 93369_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.11 5.81 osteomodulin; Omd AB007848 95712_at 0.00 2.64 0.00 3.22 2.28 1.84 UNK_AW045261 AW045261 96093_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.36 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI842705 AI842705 117253_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.90 3.19 0.00 UNK_AI845729 AI845729 100437_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.83 0.00 0.00 Orm1 M27008 92593_at 2.42 2.26 4.11 5.43 13.56 19.79 osteoblast specific D13664 factor 2; OSF-2 102255_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.29 2.68 3.26 OSMR AB015978 100138_f_at 0.00 1.82 2.20 0.00 2.88 0.00 similar to human X52102 SYK interacting protein; p16K 95586_at 0.00 0.00 3.82 3.90 3.26 1.84 P2RX4 AF089751 96016_at 0.00 2.47 0.00 6.19 4.91 2.57 P40-8 AW045665 104139_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.90 2.21 1.82 2-oxoglutarate 4- U16162 dioxygenase (proline 4-hydroxylase), alpha 1 polypeptide; P4ha1 98983_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.64 5.05 2.80 2-oxoglutarate 4- U16163 dioxygenase (proline 4-hydroxylase), alpha II polypeptide; P4ha2 100720_at 0.00 1.59 2.28 2.36 3.73 2.53 protein, cytoplasmic X65553 1; Pabpc1 98021_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.39 0.00 0 D14336 99023_at 0.00 1.65 0.00 4.28 2.73 0.00 factor U57747 acetylhydrolase, isoform 1b, alpha2 subunit; Pafah1b2 100576_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.95 2.29 2.64 factor U57746 acetylhydrolase, isoform 1b, alpha1 subunit; Pafah1b3 114355_at 0.00 0.00 2.27 5.58 4.79 0.00 PANX1 AI847747 93298_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.57 3.43 phosphoadenosine U34883 5′-phosphosulfate synthase 1; Papss1 96713_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.09 4.94 PAPSS2 AF052453 93615_at 0.00 1.75 0.00 2.33 2.68 2.35 pre B-cell leukemia AF020200 transcription factor 3; Pbx3 94449_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.50 3.46 PCDH13 AI854522 102280_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.82 3.45 PCDH7 AB006758 102781_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.31 2.76 enhanced U37351 expression; PCEE 109761_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.91 5.10 0.00 UNK_AI848972 AI848972 101065_at 0.00 3.07 2.87 3.72 2.58 2.41 PCNA X57800 93349_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.50 6.60 6.15 proteinase enhancer X57337 protein; Pcolce 92192_s_at 0.00 0.00 2.04 3.28 4.63 2.79 PCSK5 D12619 101196_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.74 3.02 convertase D50060 subtilisin/kexin type 6; Pcsk6 95412_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.35 2.36 2.10 programmed cell U49112 death 6; Pdcd6 96252_at 0.00 1.55 0.00 2.17 2.00 1.80 PDCD6IP AJ005073 93382_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.51 0.00 PDE1B1 AF023343 116964_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.04 14.08 9.38 UNK_AI851805 AI851805 93574_at 0.00 0.00 1.71 3.31 3.42 4.08 SDF3 AF036164 115553_at 0.00 0.00 2.11 2.15 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI841779 AI841779 101451_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.15 2.01 3.16 PEG3 AF038939 96765_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.41 2.67 1.76 PEG3 AW120874 94516_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.97 3.99 PENK2 M55181 101468_at 2.20 3.94 4.04 4.10 3.07 1.92 properdin factor, X12905 complement; Pfc 97834_g_at 0.00 2.07 2.29 3.11 2.38 2.29 UNK_AI853802 AI853802 97833_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.77 2.41 0.00 UNK_AI853802 AI853802 93421_at 0.00 3.19 0.00 3.98 5.66 4.45 PFTAIRE protein AF033655 kinase 1; Pftk1 101585_at 0.00 0.00 2.28 2.71 5.13 6.27 PGRMC-PENDING AF042491 94406_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.01 4.58 PHTF AJ242864 93708_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.16 1.78 PIAS3 AF034080 92312_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.14 0.00 PIK3C2A U55772 96592_at 0.00 0.00 1.93 0.00 2.15 2.21 phosphatidylinositol U50413 3-kinase, regulatory subunit, polypeptide 1 (p85 alpha); Pik3r1 101926_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.74 0.00 proviral integration L41495 site 2; Pim2 95358_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.63 1.80 2.05 UNK_AI843864 AI843864 100328_s_at 4.40 8.50 5.17 12.16 2.38 11.48 PIRA3 U96684 98003_at 0.00 2.48 0.00 3.55 3.42 3.45 PIRB AF038149 102696_s_at 0.00 0.00 2.49 0.00 2.01 2.44 UNK_AI747899 AI747899 101461_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.09 2.39 2.19 PJA1 U06944 104531_at 0.00 1.31 1.42 1.63 2.40 2.42 protein kinase C, X60304 delta; Pkcd 97375_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.90 3.20 disease 1 homolog; U70209 Pkd1 100951_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.13 3.19 3.22 polycystic kidney AF014010 disease 2; Pkd2 99513_at 1.58 5.00 0.00 10.15 10.27 5.24 phospholipase A2, M72394 group 4; Pla2g4 94147_at 4.28 9.58 8.85 11.13 4.61 4.14 activator inhibitor, M33960 type I; Planh1 102663_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.52 8.24 0.00 PLAUR X62700 104580_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.32 9.79 UNK_U85711 U85711 100607_at 0.00 0.00 6.30 10.02 22.31 16.77 Pld3 AF026124 112083_at 0.00 3.60 4.03 3.29 3.72 4.57 PLEK AA389905 116483_at 0.00 2.51 0.00 1.45 1.58 1.45 PLEK AA178053 93099_f_at 0.00 0.00 5.64 0.00 7.14 0.00 homolog, U01063 (Drosophila); Plk 101350_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.69 3.15 0.00 PLK-PS1 U73170 112304_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.53 2.40 3.41 PLOD1 AI854890 114376_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.32 19.49 16.29 PLOD2 AW259579 95009_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.52 2.66 0.00 PLOD3 AW107836 108848_g_at 0.00 2.15 2.34 3.50 3.60 3.50 UNK_AW261779 AW261779 93323_at 0.00 1.77 1.99 4.35 4.15 3.14 UNK_AB031292 AB031292 94278_at 2.52 5.35 7.31 6.59 8.70 23.61 plastin 2, L; Pls2 D37837 102839_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.71 0.00 scramblase 1; D78354 Plscr1 100927_at 0.00 1.61 2.29 3.88 3.87 3.35 PLTP U28960 97900_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.38 0.00 0.00 PLUNC AI845714 93290_at 0.00 3.58 4.71 4.54 4.00 4.14 PNP U35374 103207_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.97 2.15 1.44 POLA1 D13543 93940_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.74 2.18 Pon3 L76193 98508_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.11 1.67 1.47 PPAP2A D84376 109095_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.61 4.80 PPAP2C AI837099 101055_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.90 2.19 4.26 beta-galactosidase; J05261 Ppgb 101207_at 0.00 1.60 1.73 2.43 2.37 2.22 peptidylprolyl X52803 isomerase A; Ppia 94915_at 0.00 2.15 2.53 4.59 5.13 5.64 PPIB X58990 100089_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.99 6.25 8.51 peptidylprolyl M74227 isomerase C; Ppic 97507_at 0.00 1.87 3.36 5.70 2.90 4.09 isomerase C- X67809 associated protein; Ppicap 98993_at 0.00 2.04 0.00 3.07 3.11 3.12 protein phosphatase U59418 2, regulatory subunit B (B56), gamma isoform; Ppp2r5c 95631_at 0.00 1.74 1.72 2.71 2.96 2.24 UNK_AF088911 AF088911 93495_at 0.00 3.41 3.81 6.33 10.88 6.68 Prdx4 U96746 95549_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.83 0.00 PRIM2 D13545 100684_at 0.00 0.00 1.65 2.87 2.86 2.56 substrate 80K-H; U92794 Prkcsh 102414_i_at 0.00 1.63 1.80 2.44 2.02 1.69 interferon inducible U28423 double stranded RNA dependent inhibitor; Prkri 102415_r_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.50 0.00 interferon inducible U28423 double stranded RNA dependent inhibitor; Prkri 104728_at 0.00 2.54 0.00 3.40 4.10 4.80 Pros1 L27439 103327_at 3.94 5.14 4.58 8.52 7.86 5.35 paired related X52875 homeobox 2; Prrx2 93261_at 0.00 3.35 4.35 6.68 5.66 3.99 PRSC1 AJ000990 96920_at 0.00 −1.76 0.00 0.00 3.99 3.39 PRSS11 AW125478 104102_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.09 0.00 UNK_AW047978 AW047978 103433_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.56 2.17 PSCD3 AI846077 102791_at 0.00 2.23 2.86 4.09 2.59 4.48 PSMB8 U22033 100588_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.43 1.91 2.49 PSME2 U60329 103946_at 0.00 3.04 0.00 5.29 5.18 14.26 threonine U87814 phosphatase- interacting protein 1; 102105_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.33 0.00 PTGDS AI840733 103362_at 0.00 1.42 0.00 1.93 3.68 0.00 receptor EP4 D13458 subtype; Ptgerep4 104406_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.15 1.63 UNK_AI060798 AI060798 104538_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.77 10.57 prostaglandin 12 AB001607 (prostacyclin) synthase; Ptgis 104647_at 1.32 4.33 7.11 10.53 8.79 1.69 prostaglandin- M88242 endoperoxide synthase 2; Ptgs2 98482_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.76 34.85 20.48 PTHR X78936 93646_at 0.00 1.74 0.00 0.00 4.58 2.84 PTK9 U82324 100718_at 0.00 2.16 2.29 3.42 3.73 4.16 Ptma X56135 96426_at 0.00 1.32 1.37 1.69 2.19 1.80 PTMB4 U38967 97474_r_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.93 1.82 pleiotrophin; Ptn D90225 94929_at 0.00 2.13 0.00 2.61 2.81 4.92 PTPN1 M97590 98424_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.23 7.57 PTPN13 D83966 92273_at 1.97 3.65 0.00 3.39 0.00 0.00 PTPN18 U49853 101996_at 0.00 1.60 0.00 0.00 2.29 1.61 PTPN2 M80739 100976_at 0.00 2.38 0.00 3.41 4.06 2.87 protein-tyrosine AF013490 phosphatase; Ptpn9 103070_at 0.00 3.60 4.76 6.60 10.28 10.14 PTPNS1 AB018194 100908_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.22 6.03 10.00 phosphatase, M36033 receptor type, A; Ptpra 101048_at 0.00 2.63 0.00 4.79 2.56 4.70 phosphatase, M14343 receptor type, C; Ptprc 101298_g_at 0.00 3.11 0.00 0.00 1.43 2.85 PTPRC M23158 93896_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.11 6.76 phosphatase, D13903 receptor type, D; Ptprd 100427_at 0.00 2.56 2.33 2.28 1.23 2.61 phosphatase, U37465 receptor type, O; Ptpro 92731_at 3.07 17.44 6.55 6.96 5.75 0.00 pentaxin related X83601 gene; Ptx3 96719_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.58 0.00 parvalbumin; Pva X59382 97415_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.23 4.63 RAS oncogene M89777 family; Rab3d 103579_at 0.00 1.69 0.00 0.00 1.72 5.55 RAS-related C3 X53247 botulinum substrate 2; Rac2 97319_at 0.00 3.34 3.30 9.39 11.41 5.14 UNK_AF084466 AF084466 96104_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.14 2.20 3.10 RAD23B AI047107 104527_at 0.00 0.00 2.19 2.89 2.79 0.00 RAD51 D13803 93676_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.01 0.00 RAD51AP1 U93583 102649_s_at 0.00 2.14 0.00 2.23 2.22 1.59 RAET1C D64162 106071_at 0.00 5.58 0.00 6.56 5.61 3.57 RALY AI852199 103299_at 1.92 0.00 2.97 3.91 4.13 3.15 UNK_AW123773 AW123773 114344_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.22 3.25 3.57 UNK_AA882453 AA882453 101254_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.17 0.00 0.00 oncogene family; L32751 Ran 98573_r_at 0.00 2.30 2.42 3.53 2.49 2.60 RAN binding protein X56045 1; Ranbp1 93319_at 0.00 1.64 2.16 2.61 4.49 5.27 RAS p21 protein U20238 activator 3; Rasa3 102821_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.31 0.00 0.00 RAS-like, family 2, L32752 locus 9; Rasl2-9 102379_at 0.00 3.37 2.64 3.54 0.00 0.00 UNK_AW049415 AW049415 104476_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.96 2.77 2.03 retinoblastoma-like 1 U27177 (p107); Rbl1 96041_at 0.00 2.15 2.72 3.76 2.78 2.42 RBM3 AB016424 97254_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.49 1.83 0.00 UNK_AA690061 AA690061 94972_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.12 0.00 UNK_AB026569 AB026569 97847_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.07 0.00 RBMX AJ237847 104716_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.52 4.52 2.49 protein 1, cellular; X60367 Rbp1 96047_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.29 3.03 protein 4, plasma; U63146 Rbp4 103804_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.42 2.10 ST15 AB006960 102960_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.03 2.18 2.31 recombination X96618 activating gene 1 gene activation; Rga 94378_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.49 0.00 protein signaling 16; U94828 Rgs16 94899_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.08 2.09 protein 3; Rhoip3- U73200 pending 104094_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.15 0.00 LIM gene; Ril- Y08361 pending 114018_at 0.00 2.49 1.95 4.66 6.14 0.00 UNK_AI504675 AI504675 97091_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.11 2.05 interacting serine- U25995 threonine kinase 1; Ripk1 96038_at 0.00 1.76 0.00 2.90 2.58 2.66 UNK_AI840339 AI840339 93164_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.18 2.16 ring finger protein 2; Y12783 Rnf2 93782_at 0.00 1.68 1.84 3.36 3.67 3.28 RNF4 AI844517 93453_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.62 0.00 rod outer segment M96760 membrane protein 1; Rom1 100711_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.10 1.93 0.00 ribosomal protein U12403 L10A; Rpl10a 92834_at 0.00 2.71 3.10 4.50 4.86 3.15 ribosomal protein X51528 L13a; Rpl13a 94208_at 0.00 2.29 3.47 4.81 4.93 2.77 RPL27A AW045202 94209_g_at 0.00 2.19 4.15 3.80 4.81 2.50 RPL27A AW045202 94207_at 0.00 2.31 2.67 4.56 2.55 0.00 RPL27A AI842377 95418_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.52 0.00 UNK_AI848851 AI848851 100734_at 0.00 2.31 2.75 3.97 3.44 4.20 ribosomal protein Y00225 L3; Rpl3 108097_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.70 4.31 UNK_AW121237 AW121237 99624_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.07 2.20 2.07 UNK_AW125517 AW125517 92325_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.50 2.79 RPL7A AI326889 96295_at 0.00 2.06 2.94 4.52 9.84 5.38 RPMS7 AW122030 94076_i_at 0.00 1.53 1.91 3.06 2.69 2.95 ribophorin; Rpn D31717 94077_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.44 2.46 2.44 ribophorin; Rpn D31717 98081_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.75 3.10 2.31 RPO1–3 AI853173 113001_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.04 1.65 0.00 RPS12 AI643492 101922_at 0.00 1.67 1.76 4.37 4.88 4.01 RPS8 AW123408 100612_at 0.00 0.00 2.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 ribonucleotide K02927 reductase M1; Rrm1 102001_at 0.00 4.09 4.93 4.37 4.89 2.47 ribonucleotide M14223 reductase M2; Rrm2 101584_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.07 2.03 Ras suppressor X63039 protein 1; Rsu1 92399_at 1.56 5.32 7.63 16.64 13.11 6.52 ranscription factor D26532 1; Runx1 92676_at 0.00 1.60 2.51 4.67 13.58 14.15 transcription factor D14636 2; Runx2 92539_at 0.00 2.45 2.84 3.90 5.12 4.18 protein A11 M16465 (calgizzarin); S100a10 98600_at 1.80 2.47 2.93 4.55 7.43 6.03 binding protein A11; U41341 S100a11 100959_at 0.00 1.56 0.00 2.63 2.65 2.69 binding protein A13; X99921 S100a13 100960_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.80 2.42 2.42 binding protein A13; X99921 S100a13 92770_at 0.00 0.00 1.83 2.72 2.37 2.61 protein A6 X66449 (calcyclin); S100a6 95754_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.08 2.47 UNK_AI838216 AI838216 102712_at −3.84 2.96 4.98 8.61 4.23 0.00 Saa3 X03505 102012_at 0.00 3.45 2.78 6.04 4.14 5.35 SAPS AB014485 97340_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.89 4.81 SART3 AI839599 96657_at 0.00 0.00 2.35 3.95 3.54 3.47 N1-acetyl L10244 transferase; Sat 99127_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.14 2.18 2.16 ataxia 10 homolog X61506 (human); Sca10 95758_at 0.00 0.00 1.71 3.17 5.87 3.76 A desaturase 2; M26270 Scd2 103244_at 0.00 2.16 1.90 6.42 14.12 8.60 SCGF AB009245 101132_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.13 0.00 voltage-gated, type L36179 VI, alpha polypeptide; Scn6a 92755_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.02 0.00 0.00 secretin; Sct X73580 94140_at 0.48 2.44 −2.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 SCVR M59446 93717_at 2.82 3.56 −0.43 1.69 2.72 −0.33 cytokine A12; U50712 Scya12 102736_at 2.71 5.21 6.15 9.01 7.67 2.10 small inducible M19681 cytokine A2; Scya2 92849_at 2.26 2.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 small inducible M58004 cytokine A6; Scya6 94761_at 3.20 6.30 7.57 6.75 7.08 0.00 SCYA7 X70058 104388_at 2.37 2.97 2.84 3.61 2.34 5.38 SCYA9 U49513 93858_at 0.00 0.00 4.64 3.50 1.42 1.46 cytokine B subfamily M33266 (Cys-X-Cys), member 10; Scyb10 96953_at 0.00 3.54 0.00 2.92 2.95 0.00 KEC AW120786 98772_at 3.38 5.10 0.00 2.26 0.00 0.00 cytokine B U27267 subfamily, member 5; Scyb5 98008_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.32 0.00 cytokine subfamily U92565 D, 1; Scyd1 96033_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.39 3.96 syndecan 1; Sdc1 Z22532 95104_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.78 5.08 syndecan 2; Sdc2 U00674 98590_at 0.00 1.50 0.00 0.00 5.17 2.08 syndecan 4; Sdc4 D89571 93017_at 0.00 2.05 2.50 2.98 2.03 2.97 SDCBP AF077527 110314_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.88 0.00 0.00 UNK_AA939505 AA939505 93503_at 3.23 2.68 3.83 5.83 5.65 6.03 SDF5 U88567 103421_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.75 2.23 4.03 factor receptor 2; D50464 Sdfr2 102319_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.38 0.00 SDP8 AF062484 110816_at 0.00 1.86 2.60 3.96 4.31 4.31 SEC22L1 AI836222 103953_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.26 4.62 2.88 trafficking protein- U91538 like 1 (S. cerevisiae); Sec22l1 93711_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.09 0.00 SEC23A (S. D12713 cerevisiae); Sec23a 98944_at 0.00 2.50 3.56 6.12 3.76 3.03 UNK_AI848343 AI848343 97882_at 0.00 2.61 2.86 6.48 9.11 5.92 SEC61A AB032902 92870_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.77 0.00 0.00 SEL1H AF063095 100457_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.17 2.21 2.29 selectin, endothelial X84037 cell, ligand; Selel 104692_at 0.00 2.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 SELP M72332 94063_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.29 0.00 immunoglobulin X85991 domain (Ig), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 4A; 103094_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.61 4.54 SERF1 AI036894 102641_at 0.00 7.13 3.23 5.34 3.39 11.03 SFPI1 L03215 97997_at 0.00 4.24 6.40 9.69 9.18 2.33 secreted frizzled- U88566 related sequence protein 1; Sfrp1 104672_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.10 0.00 secreted frizzled- U68058 related sequence protein 3; Sfrp3 95791_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.66 2.33 0.00 arginine/serine-rich U14648 10, splidng factor, arginine/serine-rich 2 (SC-35); Sfrs10, Sfrs2 94017_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.08 0.00 0.00 SFRS2 X98511 101004_f_at 0.00 2.16 2.00 2.68 2.36 2.18 splicing factor, X91656 arginine/serine-rich 3 (SRp20); Sfrs3 101861_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.24 2.47 SGCE AF031919 96127_at 0.00 2.31 2.89 3.47 3.36 6.40 SGPL1 AW048730 93806_at 0.00 2.17 2.28 2.89 3.44 5.41 UNK_AI848671 AI848671 92975_at 0.00 2.44 2.15 2.25 2.45 3.07 SH3-domain binding L14543 protein 2; Sh3bp2 103755_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.54 5.91 3.28 SH3 domain protein D89677 D19; Sh3d19 93275_at 0.00 0.50 0.00 2.58 5.00 4.00 SH3 domain protein U58885 2B; Sh3d2b 99158_at 0.00 1.76 1.70 3.10 2.59 2.16 SH3 domain protein U58888 3; Sh3d3 95456_r_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.03 1.83 deleted gene 1; U41626 Shfdg1 99042_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.57 4.04 6.81 SHOX2 U66918 102752_at 0.00 2.08 2.08 3.26 1.98 2.62 SHYC AF072697 94432_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.68 3.64 UNK_AI117157 AI117157 99847_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.29 3.93 Siat4 X73523 95599_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.82 3.35 sialyltransferase 4c; D28941 Siat4c 94492_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.96 3.59 4.98 UNK_AB025406 AB025406 99655_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.64 2.61 2.30 UNK_AB025405 AB025405 95144_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.28 1.75 1.94 UNK_AB024984 AB024984 97489_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.58 3.90 UNK_AI846739 AI846739 93789_s_at 0.00 1.63 0.00 2.55 3.08 3.28 SIN3B AF038848 92450_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.37 2.54 SLC12A4 AF047339 104719_at 0.00 2.21 0.00 0.00 3.05 2.14 SLC12A7 AI182203 100491_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.90 2.76 0.00 SLC16A2 AF045692 100943_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.00 7.27 2.37 neutral amino acid U75215 transporter; Slc1a4 103065_at 0.00 1.93 0.00 4.69 6.26 3.25 20, member 1; M73696 Slc20a1 99112_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.63 3.71 SLC25A10 AA683883 97473_at 0.00 8.03 4.82 19.23 14.32 7.15 SLC25A17 AW124470 97472_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.35 2.52 0.00 SLC25A17 AJ006341 100618_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.23 4.78 7.59 25 (mitochondrial AA062013 carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5; Slc25a5 97957_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.19 0.00 SLC27A4 AF072759 95733_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.22 3.31 UNK_AI838274 AI838274 95571_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.83 2.40 SLC30A4 AF004100 101877_at 0.00 1.78 1.74 2.74 3.70 3.40 SLC31A1 AI854432 103845_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.78 2.72 0.00 UNK_AI839005 AI839005 93558_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.33 3.66 2.36 SLC35A2 AB027147 100020_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.18 6.84 solute carrier family J04036 4 (anion exchanger), member 2; Slc4a2 103818_at 0.00 3.94 0.00 0.00 7.66 4.45 SLC7A7 AJ012754 104214_at 0.00 2.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 SLC7A8 AW122706 99524_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.03 0.00 0.00 solute carrier family AF004666 8 (sodium/calcium exchanger), member 1; Slc8a1 102264_at 2.09 0.00 2.47 2.09 1.99 2.48 SLFN1 AF099972 92472_f_at 2.33 3.93 4.37 4.87 3.05 3.83 SLFN2 AF099973 92471_i_at 0.00 3.71 3.39 5.90 8.39 4.15 SLFN2 AF099973 92858_at 0.00 4.23 2.55 6.22 7.43 3.89 SLPI AF002719 99552_at 3.78 17.54 20.88 10.28 11.85 25.49 slug, chicken U79550 homolog; Slugh 96050_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.04 4.66 0.00 SMARCB1 AJ011740 102062_at 0.00 0.00 4.08 0.00 4.73 3.19 matrix associated, U85614 actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily c, member 1; 106277_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.18 2.30 3.29 UNK_AW120530 AW120530 96812_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.57 6.03 2.71 SMOH AF089721 103830_at 0.00 2.85 0.00 0.00 3.62 1.44 snail homolog, M95604 Drosophila); Sna 101530_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.32 2.60 1.69 ribonucleoprotein U97079 116 kDa; Snrp116- pending 101506_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.55 0.00 0.00 UNK_AW227345 AW227345 100577_at 0.00 0.00 2.41 0.00 2.31 2.11 small nuclear M58558 ribonucleoprotein D1; Snrpd1 112282_s_at 0.00 3.18 4.02 4.54 4.18 4.52 UNK_AI154073 AH 54073 112283_at 1.68 2.68 0.00 3.14 7.08 5.94 UNK_AA718584 AA718584 94550_at 0.00 2.19 1.41 1.85 1.56 2.92 UNK_AW121324 AW121324 94902_at 0.00 1.87 0.00 2.17 2.23 1.87 dismutase 3, U38261 extracellular; Sod3 111853_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.50 4.58 3.78 SOUL-PENDING AA726177 104408_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.29 2.61 SRY-box containing L35032 gene 18; Sox18 101430_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.09 4.36 6.01 SOX4 AW124153 100032_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.03 2.18 0.00 transcription factor X60136 1; Sp1 113152_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.99 2.66 0.00 SPAK-PENDING AI850672 97160_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.53 3.24 3.71 cysteine rich X04017 glycoprotein; Sparc 97817_at 0.00 1.94 1.93 3.63 3.06 3.46 UNK_AW121136 AW121136 104374_at 0.00 5.69 5.43 8.11 4.63 0.00 serine protease M64086 inhibitor 2-2; Spi2-2 96060_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.21 1.73 1.92 serine protease U25844 inhibitor 3; Spi3 97487_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.61 6.46 serine protease X70296 inhibitor 4; Spi4 98405_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.15 0.00 serine protease U96700 inhibitor 6; Spi6 102125_f_at 0.00 0.00 1.30 0.00 2.11 0.00 SPI6 AI838923 99528_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.58 2.19 SPIN AW122015 99563_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.95 2.49 SPIN AW124681 97519_at 2.00 2.60 5.99 14.15 24.33 29.32 SPP1 X13986 94322_at 0.00 2.38 2.44 0.00 3.97 0.56 squalene epoxidase; D42048 Sqle 100095_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.76 1.71 2.24 scavenger receptor U37799 class B1; Srb1 96712_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.45 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI848508 AI848508 92540_f_at 0.00 2.10 2.30 7.95 5.95 3.58 SRM Z67748 103568_at 0.00 2.43 4.42 4.07 17.64 6.56 SRPX-PENDING AB028049 92265_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.91 3.63 SSA2 AF042139 99610_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.96 2.34 synovial sarcoma, X93357 translocated to X chromosome; Ssxt 101465_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.32 2.28 4.66 signal transducer U06924 and activator of transcription 1; Stat1 115806_at 0.00 0.00 3.13 2.81 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI851966 AI851966 99100_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.73 0.00 STATS AI837104 94331_at 0.00 2.04 0.00 0.00 2.15 2.15 signal transducer L47650 and activator of transcription 6; Stat6 93272_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.30 2.62 STK16 AF062076 98996_at 0.00 2.59 2.69 3.64 4.59 2.59 STK18 L29480 92639_at 0.00 1.93 0.00 2.47 2.35 0.00 serine/threonine U80932 kinase 6; Stk6 96076_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.18 3.12 2.49 UNK_AW121716 AW121716 99146_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.89 3.17 3.15 UNK_AW124355 AW124355 97983_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.13 0.00 syntaxin binding D45903 protein 1; Stxbp1 95703_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.28 1.98 1.70 UNK_AB024303 AB024303 101901_at 0.00 0.00 2.31 2.55 1.48 1.72 SUPL15H AB024713 96542_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.43 4.05 surfeit gene 4; Surf4 M62606 97238_at 0.00 1.75 2.05 1.79 1.87 0.00 TACC3 AW209238 93541_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.16 3.73 0.00 TAGLN Z68618 93333_at 0.00 0.00 2.00 2.33 2.00 2.02 Tbca U05333 98937_at 0.00 0.00 1.55 3.06 3.36 2.94 TBRG1 AW049795 104655_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.42 2.13 UNK_AA755817 AA755817 97994_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.61 7.06 TCF7 AI019193 97995_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.94 2.18 7, T-cell specific; X61385 Tcf7 97901_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.66 0.00 transcription factor X60831 UBF; Tcfubf 93736_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.97 3.23 TCN2 AF090686 101540_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.89 2.12 1.40 TDG AF069519 108581_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.46 4.50 UNK_AI835817 AI835817 116324_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.48 2.45 TEDP2-PENDING AI851893 93367_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.20 3.14 3.08 associated protein 1; U86137 Tep1 103385_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.97 2.16 1.87 teratocarcinoma U64033 expressed, serine rich; Tera 99138_at 0.00 2.50 0.00 2.37 2.41 2.06 TFG AA756292 98514_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.17 4.49 2.87 TFPI AF004833 94383_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.72 5.97 5.52 pathway inhibitor 2; D50586 Tfpi2 101918_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.46 8.03 TGFB1 AJ009862 98019_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.41 3.84 factor beta 1 L22482 induced transcript 1; Tgfb1i1 93728_at 0.00 2.12 2.20 3.09 3.15 2.65 factor beta 1 X62940 induced transcript 4; Tgfb1i4 93300_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.26 0.00 transforming growth X57413 factor, beta 2; Tgfb2 102751_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.15 3.21 1.80 transforming growth M32745 factor, beta 3; Tgfb3 92877_at 2.66 4.57 4.66 7.44 3.85 2.47 transforming growth L19932 factor, beta induced, 68 kDa; Tgfbi 101502_at 0.00 0.00 2.62 4.72 4.01 3.84 TG interacting X89749 factor; Tgif 104601_at 0.00 2.79 0.00 0.00 2.21 0.00 Thbd X14432 94930_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.81 11.52 6.37 Thbs2 L07803 103869_at 0.00 0.00 4.33 17.37 14.36 8.82 protein, mucin 1, U16175 transmembrane, throm- bospondin 3; LOC54129, Muc1, Thbs3 99057_at 0.00 1.45 0.00 2.57 3.87 1.98 THY1 M12379 93071_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.37 2.57 1.98 TIF1B X99644 93507_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 3.30 tissue inhibitor of X62622 metalloproteinase 2; Timp2 103671_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.68 2.01 TIP30-PENDING AF061972 102273_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.73 2.46 1.93 TJ6 M31226 99935_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.21 2.70 tight junction protein D14340 1; Tjp1 96081_at 0.00 0.00 0.67 0.00 8.09 0.00 TK1 X60980 110423_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.50 2.22 UNK_AA895554 AA895554 104623_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.35 3.25 enhancer of split 3, X73360 homolog of Drosophila E(spl); 98304_at 0.00 1.55 0.00 2.11 1.46 1.57 TLR6 AB020808 92555_at 0.00 0.00 2.39 3.84 11.52 5.85 UNK_AF053454 AF053454 100039_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.65 5.36 3.33 UNK_AW125880 AW125880 115179_at 0.00 2.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AA718842 AA718842 99013_f_at 0.00 1.67 0.00 2.36 3.05 3.11 TMOD3 AI846797 115913_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.69 4.01 3.29 TMOD3 AI526875 101993_at 0.00 3.87 7.79 16.34 19.51 19.59 tenascin C; Tnc X56304 98474_r_at 0.00 1.62 2.24 1.98 1.85 2.10 factor induced U83903 protein 6; Tnfip6 102887_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.64 3.70 OPG U94331 92793_at 0.00 3.30 0.00 2.34 3.22 2.94 TNFRSF1A X57796 94928_at 0.00 1.58 2.10 2.39 1.72 3.94 TNFRSF1B X87128 93416_at 0.00 1.93 1.50 0.00 2.12 4.02 factor (ligand) AF019048 superfamily, member 11; Tnfsf 11 100593_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.73 3.78 TNNT2 L47600 99578_at 0.00 1.98 3.26 3.07 3.45 1.98 TOP2A U01915 95505_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.60 0.00 0.00 TOR1B AW060509 97557_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.90 0.00 TOR2A AI841457 95345_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.80 3.25 2.14 TPBG AJ012160 103032_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.37 2.26 TPST1 AF038008 94948_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.95 4.19 TRIP6 AF097511 104154_at 0.00 2.21 0.00 0.00 4.07 0.00 TRP53 AB021961 104275_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.73 0.00 TRP53 AB021961 96183_at 0.00 0.00 2.23 0.00 2.20 2.47 UNK_AW122985 AW122985 93538_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.02 0.00 0.00 TTRAP-PENDING AW228036 100342_i_at 0.00 2.12 2.24 4.45 5.18 2.86 TUBA1 M28729 100343_f_at 0.00 1.98 2.03 3.13 2.91 2.34 TUBA1 M28729 98759_f_at 0.00 2.05 1.98 3.16 3.39 2.73 TUBA2 M28727 101543_f_at 0.00 2.06 2.24 3.40 3.14 2.65 TUBA6 M13441 94835_f_at 0.00 2.92 2.73 4.98 5.58 3.49 Tubb2 M28739 94788_f_at 0.00 3.11 3.62 5.63 6.28 4.29 Tubb5 X04663 94789_r_at 0.00 7.98 8.12 78.06 13.75 7.31 TubbS X04663 98028_at 0.00 0.00 1.73 1.28 5.13 7.55 TWIST M63649 92807_at 0.00 1.60 2.05 2.73 2.29 2.42 TXN X77585 93237_s_at 0.00 1.82 0.00 0.00 4.28 3.89 TYMS AU044050 100397_at 2.04 3.39 3.70 5.63 5.00 12.41 TYROBP AF024637 97304_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.07 2.44 UBP1 AI836100 98972_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.36 2.56 UNK_AI574262 AI574262 94197_at 0.00 3.03 0.00 2.40 3.38 0.00 UGCG D89866 102322_at 2.51 2.38 2.67 3.94 4.24 4.11 UGDH AF061017 95024_at 1.90 0.00 3.20 3.26 2.42 0.00 USP18 AW047653 93305_f_at 0.00 0.00 5.69 4.47 3.95 3.50 VAMP8 AF053724 100345_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.62 2.67 2.60 VAMP8 W65964 101982_at 0.00 1.36 0.00 2.45 2.66 2.27 stimulated X98475 phosphoprotein; 99799_at 1.44 3.13 0.00 2.64 2.99 2.40 vav oncogene; Vav X64361 96511_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.07 0.00 vav oncogene; Vav D83266 95490_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.26 3.00 2.09 UNK_AW120891 AW120891 92558_at 0.00 3.13 0.00 4.11 5.49 11.07 VCAM1 M84487 92559_at 1.22 1.55 0.00 0.00 2.01 2.67 VCAM1 U12884 92560_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.35 4.56 VCAM1 U12884 100084_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.73 3.56 villin 2; Vil2 X60671 101047_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.12 1.73 VIM AW123697 93337_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.13 1.83 2.11 sorting 4b (yeast); U10119 Vps4b 98963_at 0.00 2.85 0.00 0.00 4.71 3.54 VRL1 AB021665 100522_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.20 3.75 3.21 WW domain binding U92454 protein 5; Wbp5 100523_r_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.41 3.13 2.02 WW domain binding U92454 protein 5; Wbp5 103690_at 0.00 3.29 2.41 5.12 3.55 5.88 UNK_AW125574 AW125574 96075_at 0.00 2.11 0.00 3.70 2.89 3.37 WDR1 AW060876 92262_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.19 0.00 WIG1 AF012923 102044_at 0.00 2.42 3.42 11.06 23.81 19.33 ELM1 AF100777 102891_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.63 2.46 2.59 WRN D86527 113110_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.42 3.11 WRN AA960405 98946_at 0.00 1.87 0.00 4.72 3.95 3.55 UNK_AF033186 AF033186 113094_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.83 0.00 UNK_AA175692 AA175692 100958_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.56 7.64 UNK_AI647003 AI647003 99126_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.03 3.61 inactive X specific L04961 transcripts; Xist 92665_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.94 2.01 regulated complex; X07967 Xlr 100015_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.30 0.00 viral (v-yes) X67677 oncogene homolog; Yes 104400_at 0.00 2.18 0.00 2.06 3.18 2.96 UNK_AF076956 AF076956 97229_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.05 0.00 0.00 UNK_AW061042 AW061042 97535_at 0.00 1.63 2.14 2.89 2.41 2.21 monooxygenase/tryp- D87661 tophan 5- monooxygenase activation protein, eta polypeptide; 97061_g_at 0.00 1.94 2.17 2.75 3.19 3.36 YWHAQ AW215489 97544_at 0.00 1.72 0.00 2.31 3.14 2.92 YWHAZ D83037 92501_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.24 4.39 ZAC1 X95503 92502_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.40 7.40 6.62 ZAC1 X95504 100475_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.36 2.20 2.88 zinc finger protein D63902 147; Zfp147 92771_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.13 1.97 ZFP207 AB013357 102277_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.59 0.00 ZFP26 M36514 92934_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.66 0.00 zinc finger protein X79828 90; Zfp90 103676_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.06 2.03 UNK_AI551306 AI551306

TABLE 2 Treatment BMP2 BMP2 BMP2 BMP2 BMP2 BMP2 Time day 01 day 02 day 03 day 04 day 07 day 14 Affymetrix Avg. Fold Avg. Fold Avg. Fold Avg. Fold Avg. Fold Avg. Fold Genbank Qualifier Change Change Change Change Change Change Gene Name Accession # 115844_at −2.74 −4.65 −3.15 −2.76 −2.12 −2.10 UNK_AI847028 AI847028 103494_at 0.00 −2.50 −3.42 −2.87 −4.24 −2.99 UNK_AI047972 AI047972 104342_i_at 0.00 −4.22 −3.45 −5.08 −10.18 −4.00 UNK_AI845798 AI845798 107074_at 0.00 −2.55 −2.53 −3.42 −4.39 −2.24 UNK_AI838083 AI838083 133738_at 0.00 −2.30 −2.02 −3.17 −4.39 −3.23 UNK_AI467229 AI467229 133932_at 0.00 −2.17 −2.06 −3.16 −4.05 −2.76 UNK_AI503993 AI503993 133951_at 0.00 −3.22 −3.10 −10.36 −6.86 −2.39 UNK_AI504979 AI504979 94534_at 0.00 −2.04 −2.11 0.00 −4.07 −2.36 UNK_AI835446 AI835446 94790_at 0.00 −2.24 −2.48 0.00 −3.80 −2.57 UNK_AA681807 AA681807 95468_at 0.00 −2.15 −1.91 −2.63 −4.12 −2.55 BTD AI850202 96391_at 0.00 −2.96 −2.60 −1.90 −3.00 −2.41 EST; unknown C80836 105638_at 0.00 −3.95 −4.59 0.00 −10.36 −2.07 UNK_AA896641 AA896641 106963_at 0.00 −2.48 −2.10 0.00 −3.26 −3.68 UNK_AW050323 AW050323 107282_at 0.00 −2.07 −2.27 0.00 −4.69 −4.22 UNK_AW047933 AW047933 107418_at 0.00 −2.16 0.00 −3.07 −5.71 −2.08 UNK_AW046245 AW046245 107952_i_at 0.00 −2.62 −2.43 0.00 −2.93 −2.12 UNK_AA606601 AA606601 109968_at 0.00 −5.91 −3.57 0.00 −8.76 −2.67 UNK_AA771415 AA771415 110269_at −2.16 −5.45 −2.93 0.00 −3.03 0.00 UNK_AW045975 AW045975 115109_at 0.00 −2.05 −1.79 −4.17 −4.31 −2.28 UNK_AI838503 AI838503 115246_at 0.00 −1.95 −2.61 −3.31 −5.64 −2.62 UNK_AA790442 AA790442 116614_at 0.00 −2.54 −2.37 0.00 −3.72 −2.01 UNK_AA647405 AA647405 129661_at 0.00 −2.57 −3.45 0.00 −3.41 −2.12 UNK_AA792999 AA792999 130718_at 0.00 −2.98 −2.27 0.00 −2.50 −2.32 UNK_AI844247 AI844247 133977_at 0.00 −3.33 −2.14 −3.11 −2.79 −1.68 UNK_AI506633 AI506633 135609_at 0.00 −2.66 0.00 −2.42 −4.25 −2.42 UNK_AI505553 AI505553 93514_at 0.00 −2.76 −1.94 0.00 −4.77 −5.23 MYLC X12972 94418_at 0.00 −2.71 −8.42 0.00 −2.51 −0.63 UNK_AI839004 AI839004 94908_r_at 0.00 0.00 −2.19 0.00 −4.76 −2.57 UNK_AW045632 AW045632 95587_at 0.00 −2.33 −2.23 0.00 −2.97 −1.80 UNK_AI837204 AI837204 98942_r_at 0.00 −2.33 −3.05 0.00 −3.93 −1.78 UNK_AW125284 AW125284 102862_at 0.00 0.00 −3.42 0.00 −3.42 −3.17 UNK_AA873956 AA873956 102916_s_at 0.00 −4.25 −3.83 0.00 −2.86 0.00 UNK_AB010266 AB010266 102922_at 0.00 −3.08 −2.52 0.00 −2.84 −1.50 UNK_AI851387 AI851387 105610_at 0.00 0.00 −2.89 0.00 −4.34 −2.22 UNK_AA388982 AA388982 106934_at 0.00 0.00 −2.79 0.00 −10.65 −4.94 UNK_AW047806 AW047806 107569_at 0.00 −2.01 0.00 0.00 −2.37 −2.03 UNK_AA738625 AA738625 110774_at 0.00 −3.03 −2.48 0.00 −2.45 −1.51 UNK_AI852667 AI852667 111228_at 0.00 −1.68 −2.69 0.00 −2.72 −2.01 UNK_AW122874 AW122874 111254_at 0.00 −2.06 −2.12 0.00 −3.40 −1.69 UNK_AA735016 AA735016 111260_at 0.00 0.00 −2.66 0.00 −3.27 −3.11 UNK_AI843809 AI843809 112012_at 0.00 −2.13 −2.12 0.00 −4.16 −1.67 UNK_AI875092 AI875092 113124_at 0.00 −4.08 0.00 0.00 −8.64 −2.40 UNK_AI852911 AI852911 113806_at 0.00 0.00 −2.69 0.00 −2.68 −2.20 UNK_AW121611 AW121611 114138_at 0.00 0.00 −2.00 0.00 −5.82 −2.95 UNK_AI643851 AI643851 114297_f_at 0.00 −1.96 −2.03 0.00 −4.33 −2.31 UNK_AI021087 AI021087 114466_at 0.00 −1.89 −2.07 0.00 −3.21 −2.18 UNK_AA197511 AA197511 116583_at 0.00 −2.08 −1.70 0.00 −3.36 −2.23 UNK_AW121389 AW121389 116792_at 0.00 −1.94 −3.96 0.00 −4.51 −3.31 UNK_AI480742 AI480742 129309_at 0.00 −2.55 −1.92 0.00 −3.86 −2.58 UNK_AI596885 AI596885 129952_at 0.00 0.00 −2.17 0.00 −2.85 −2.68 UNK_AI595378 AI595378 135181_f_at 0.00 −1.74 −1.70 −2.21 −3.48 −2.24 UNK_AW125817 AW125817 139035_at 0.00 −2.05 0.00 −2.09 −2.40 0.00 UNK_AI846518 AI846518 140572_at 0.00 −2.94 −2.45 0.00 −2.88 0.00 UNK_AW125201 AW125201 92202_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.21 −2.40 UNK_AI553024 AI553024 92941_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.70 −2.71 UNK_AA833509 AA833509 93177_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.03 −2.08 UNK_AW121661 AW121661 93780_at 0.00 −2.35 −1.92 0.00 −2.37 −1.95 UNK_AW060827 AW060827 95376_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −5.44 −5.10 UNK_AJ011107 AJ011107 95518_at 0.00 −2.12 −1.76 0.00 −2.06 0.00 UNK_AW122893 AW122893 96211_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.61 −4.19 0.00 UNK_AI846896 AI846896 99331_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.02 −4.46 UNK_AW125581 AW125581 99503_at 0.00 −2.49 0.00 0.00 −2.85 −1.74 UNK_AW045204 AW045204 100058_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.34 −3.75 UNK_AW047776 AW047776 103257_at 0.00 0.00 −1.75 0.00 −2.96 −2.37 UNK_AA690483 AA690483 103665_at 0.00 −2.26 −5.60 0.00 −1.79 −0.73 UNK_AW122523 AW122523 104153_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.18 −2.04 UNK_AW047743 AW047743 104293_at 0.00 0.00 −1.95 0.00 −2.61 −2.73 UNK_AI882440 AI882440 104445_at −1.69 −3.53 −2.56 0.00 −1.65 0.00 UNK_AW046694 AW046694 104491_at 0.00 −1.77 −2.21 0.00 −2.08 0.00 UNK_AI509330 AI509330 104804_at 0.00 −1.61 0.00 0.00 −2.94 −2.31 UNK_AI504570 AI504570 104944_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.25 −2.14 UNK_AA619815 AA619815 105168_at 0.00 −1.76 0.00 0.00 −2.67 −2.61 UNK_AI847519 AI847519 105569_at 0.00 0.00 −1.98 0.00 −3.12 −3.32 UNK_AI605044 AI605044 105619_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −20.58 −7.69 UNK_AI849242 AI849242 105706_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.77 −2.26 UNK_AI847342 AI847342 106065_at 0.00 −2.29 0.00 0.00 −2.40 0.00 UNK_AI849096 AI849096 106297_at 0.00 −2.02 0.00 0.00 −2.32 0.00 UNK_AI841521 AI841521 106439_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.25 −3.88 UNK_AI851838 AI851838 106505_at 0.00 −1.79 0.00 0.00 −2.85 −2.52 UNK_AI844271 AI844271 106521_at 0.00 −2.23 0.00 0.00 −4.38 0.00 UNK_AI987764 AI987764 106896_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.96 −2.16 UNK_AW049892 AW049892 107400_at 0.00 −2.00 −2.22 0.00 −1.83 0.00 UNK_AW048204 AW048204 107427_at 0.00 −1.59 0.00 0.00 −3.02 −2.22 UNK_AW122504 AW122504 107428_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.66 −2.13 UNK_AW046414 AW046414 108010_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.82 −2.72 UNK_AW210455 AW210455 108069_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.51 −2.13 UNK_AI642606 AI642606 108488_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.80 −2.49 UNK_AI838112 AI838112 108565_at 0.00 −2.68 −2.95 0.00 2.66 4.55 UNK_AI853095 AI853095 108767_at 0.00 −2.42 0.00 0.00 −3.47 0.00 UNK_AI448797 AI448797 108822_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.70 −3.72 0.00 UNK_AI615758 AI615758 109049_at 0.00 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108084_at 0.00 −1.76 0.00 0.00 −2.45 −1.41 UNK_AA674925 AA674925 108095_at 0.00 −1.77 0.00 0.00 −2.32 −1.50 UNK_AW124440 AW124440 108357_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.14 UNK_AA611398 AA611398 108493_at 0.00 −1.92 0.00 0.00 −2.21 −1.38 UNK_AI852390 AI852390 108537_at 0.00 −1.86 −1.87 0.00 −3.15 −1.61 UNK_AI846354 AI846354 108560_at 0.00 −1.66 0.00 0.00 −2.49 −1.49 UNK_AI849518 AI849518 108742_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.00 −2.05 UNK_AA619412 M619412 108753_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.11 0.00 UNK_AW048441 AW048441 108770_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.36 −1.57 UNK_AW124553 AW124553 108855_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −5.20 0.00 UNK_AI647526 AI647526 109016_at 0.00 −1.69 −1.87 0.00 −3.06 −1.74 UNK_AI891634 AI891634 109047_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.25 0.00 UNK_AI850557 AI850557 109124_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.11 0.00 UNK_AW125343 AW125343 109348_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.06 0.00 UNK_AI850333 AI850333 109361_at 0.00 −1.38 0.00 0.00 −2.31 −1.38 UNK_AA170632 AA170632 109386_at 0.00 0.00 −4.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AA614943 AA614943 109390_at 0.00 −1.75 0.00 0.00 −2.84 −1.53 UNK_AW049308 AW049308 109415_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.85 UNK_AI646948 AI646948 109570_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.02 0.00 UNK_AA763178 AA763178 109575_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.11 0.00 UNK_A1155995 AH55995 109655_at 0.00 −1.68 −1.90 0.00 −2.13 −1.65 UNK_W08276 W08276 109662_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.84 0.00 UNK_AW122695 AW122695 109681_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.17 −1.60 UNK_AI838049 AI838049 109738_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.12 −1.76 UNK_AI099014 AI099014 109755_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.03 0.00 UNK_AW047377 AW047377 109773_at 0.00 0.00 −2.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI852349 AI852349 109820_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.03 0.00 UNK_AI840770 AI840770 109938_at 0.00 −1.55 −1.73 0.00 −2.46 −1.92 UNK_AA986399 AA986399 109955_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.04 −1.73 UNK_AW122907 AW122907 109958_at 0.00 −1.50 0.00 0.00 −2.36 −1.91 UNK_AI503400 AI503400 110069_at 0.00 −1.80 0.00 0.00 −2.21 0.00 UNK_AW123500 AW123500 110092_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.07 −1.74 UNK_AW050361 AW050361 110096_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −1.54 −2.02 UNK_AA718224 AA718224 110122_at 0.00 −1.49 0.00 0.00 −2.59 −1.94 UNK_AA762771 AA762771 110140_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.59 0.00 UNK_AW060592 AW060592 110286_at 0.00 −1.78 0.00 0.00 −2.53 0.00 UNK_AI194762 AI194762 110290_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.55 UNK_AW122616 AW122616 110292_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.79 0.00 D9UCLA2 AI839742 110361_at 0.00 −1.63 −1.39 0.00 −3.08 −1.93 UNK_AI839531 AI839531 110442_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.09 −1.65 UNK_AA960476 AA960476 110529_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.21 −1.70 UNK_AI594683 AI594683 110644_s_at 0.00 −1.12 −5.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI593562 AI593562 110673_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.03 0.00 UNK_W53698 W53698 110755_at 0.00 0.00 −2.59 0.00 −1.61 0.00 UNK_AI842126 AI842126 110757_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.17 −1.85 UNK_AI847218 AI847218 110770_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.06 0.00 UNK_AW045392 AW045392 110812_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.87 −1.60 UNK_AI836721 AI836721 110826_at 0.00 0.00 −1.80 0.00 −2.02 −1.66 UNK_AW122152 AW122152 110972_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 −1.92 −2.38 −1.71 UNK_AI848760 AI848760 111305_at 0.00 −1.67 0.00 0.00 −2.84 −1.80 UNK_AW121459 AW121459 111359_at 0.00 −1.57 0.00 0.00 −3.83 −1.58 UNK_AW108291 AW108291 111382_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.03 0.00 UNK_AI835341 AI835341 111431_at 0.00 −1.91 −1.68 0.00 −4.69 −1.78 UNK_AI836555 AI836555 111445_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.41 −1.61 UNK_AW046417 AW046417 111517_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.09 0.00 UNK_AA983096 AA983096 111548_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.90 −2.00 UNK_AI851666 AI851666 111613_at 0.00 −1.36 0.00 0.00 −2.33 −1.44 UNK_AW228205 AW228205 111689_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.18 0.00 UNK_AW060751 AW060751 111690_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.27 0.00 UNK_AW125187 AW125187 111947_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.29 0.00 UNK_AA789365 AA789365 112029_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.61 −1.65 UNK_AA821545 AA821545 112063_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.86 0.00 UNK_AA420218 AA420218 112073_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.03 0.00 UNK_AA242716 AA242716 112081_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.25 −1.64 UNK_AI510428 AI510428 112220_at 0.00 0.00 −2.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AA763894 AA763894 112318_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.38 −1.55 UNK_AW122090 AW122090 112336_at 0.00 −2.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI854546 AI854546 112352_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.08 0.00 UNK_AI841571 AI841571 112363_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.06 −1.80 UNK_AW048194 AW048194 112381_at 0.00 −1.69 −2.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AA863867 AA863867 112398_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −4.67 0.00 UNK_AW045591 AW045591 112406_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.71 −1.61 UNK_AI851470 AI851470 112415_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.06 −1.58 UNK_AI604376 AI604376 112432_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.38 0.00 UNK_AW045567 AW045567 112668_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.48 0.00 UNK_AW261533 AW261533 112722_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.59 UNK_AW124381 AW124381 112820_at 0.00 −1.53 0.00 0.00 −3.27 −1.49 UNK_AW045244 AW045244 112920_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −7.87 0.00 UNK_AW125065 AW125065 112947_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.08 −1.87 UNK_AA693298 AA693298 113012_at 0.00 −1.77 −1.53 0.00 −4.20 −1.84 UNK_AI846919 AI846919 113210_at 0.00 −1.92 0.00 0.00 −2.72 −0.66 UNK_AI841042 AI841042 113232_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.36 0.00 UNK_AI841061 AI841061 113314_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.73 −1.77 UNK_AI840767 AI840767 113318_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.72 −1.78 UNK_AW261686 AW261686 113330_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.01 −0.45 UNK_AI527630 AI527630 113565_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.22 0.00 UNK_AW049089 AW049089 113604_at 0.00 −1.61 0.00 0.00 −2.40 0.00 UNK_AI847956 AI847956 113638_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.45 −1.83 UNK_AW045993 AW045993 113715_at 0.00 −1.98 0.00 0.00 −2.01 −1.62 UNK_AA822301 AA822301 113785_at 0.00 0.00 −1.72 0.00 −2.43 −1.66 UNK_AI850504 AI850504 113901_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −1.89 −2.14 UNK_AI593827 AI593827 113938_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −4.11 0.00 UNK_AI842866 AI842866 113985_at −2.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI838258 AI838258 113986_at 0.00 −1.99 0.00 0.00 −2.92 0.00 UNK_AI510303 AI510303 113990_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.03 0.00 UNK_AA763276 AA763276 113998_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.00 UNK_AA416235 AA416235 114069_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.72 −1.86 UNK_AI844797 AI844797 114093_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.00 0.00 UNK_AI852806 AI852806 114143_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.11 0.00 UNK_AI853600 AI853600 114296_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.72 −1.42 UNK_AA823920 AA823920 114316_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.92 −1.69 UNK_AI605358 AI605358 114392_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.85 0.00 UNK_AW120619 AW120619 114416_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.51 UNK_AW045985 AW045985 114418_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.38 0.00 UNK_AI854454 AI854454 114476_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.89 0.00 UNK_AI482420 AI482420 114478_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.17 UNK_AA061949 AA061949 114706_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.32 −1.36 UNK_AW049085 AW049085 114752_at 0.00 −2.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.84 UNK_AI843572 AI843572 114794_at 0.00 −1.73 0.00 0.00 −2.33 −1.39 UNK_AA693185 AA693185 114982_at 0.00 −1.59 0.00 0.00 −3.53 −1.98 UNK_AA959852 AA959852 115077_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.03 0.00 DBT AA896722 115078_r_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.52 0.00 DBT AA896722 115106_at 0.00 −1.49 0.00 0.00 −2.69 −1.92 UNK_AI851210 AI851210 115169_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.15 0.00 UNK_AW047351 AW047351 115323_at 0.00 0.00 −1.34 0.00 −2.07 −1.72 UNK_AA107507 AA107507 115370_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.38 0.00 UNK_AI527642 AI527642 115376_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.23 0.00 UNK_AI850511 AI850511 115428_at 0.00 0.00 −1.95 0.00 −3.82 0.00 UNK_AA673260 M673260 115437_at 0.00 −1.66 0.00 0.00 −2.21 −1.37 UNK_AW049924 AW049924 115545_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.29 0.00 UNK_AA940371 M940371 115629_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.06 UNK_AA183896 AA183896 115640_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.88 −0.66 UNK_AI451541 AI451541 115686_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.34 0.00 UNK_AI853521 AI853521 115845_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.24 −1.49 UNK_AW107813 AW107813 115847_i_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.07 −1.59 UNK_AI327072 AI327072 116046_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.42 0.00 UNK_AI848153 AI848153 116151_at 0.00 0.00 −2.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI845734 AI845734 116152_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −5.30 −1.89 UNK_AI840320 AI840320 116263_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.20 −1.49 UNK_AW060609 AW060609 116349_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.01 0.00 UNK_AI155885 AI155885 116406_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.81 UNK_AW050231 AW050231 116438_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.92 UNK_AI853912 AI853912 116466_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.94 −1.80 UNK_AI591541 AI591541 116661_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.81 0.00 UNK_AI594516 AI594516 116771_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.16 −1.56 UNK_AI843862 AI843862 116856_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.08 0.00 UNK_AW122439 AW122439 116887_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.49 0.00 UNK_AI848169 AI848169 116919_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.43 −1.62 UNK_AI837430 AI837430 116949_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.30 −1.95 UNK_AI835398 AI835398 116967_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.74 −1.58 UNK_AI851900 AI851900 116975_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.24 UNK_AI848908 AI848908 117008_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.41 0.00 UNK_AI836364 AI836364 117080_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −4.41 −1.77 UNK_AW046827 AW046827 117107_at 0.00 −1.73 −1.97 0.00 −3.77 −1.76 UNK_AI837768 AI837768 117123_at 0.00 −2.18 0.00 0.00 −1.51 0.00 UNK_AI840704 AI840704 117125_at 0.00 0.00 −0.03 0.00 −3.36 −0.88 UNK_AI835705 AI835705 117178_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.32 −1.81 UNK_AI844448 AI844448 117206_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −5.29 0.00 UNK_AW122028 AW122028 117213_at 0.00 −1.74 0.00 0.00 −3.01 −1.60 UNK_AI850929 AI850929 117307_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.93 0.00 UNK_AI844588 AI844588 117308_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.09 0.00 UNK_AI835357 AI835357 128879_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.24 0.00 UNK_AI838074 AI838074 129016_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −1.50 −2.09 UNK_AI596402 AI596402 129176_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −13.63 UNK_AI607324 AI607324 129231_at 0.00 −5.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AW046840 AW046840 129306_r_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.42 −1.86 UNK_AI606549 AI606549 129582_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.32 −1.74 UNK_AI465103 AI465103 130312_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −1.96 −2.85 UNK_AW215796 AW215796 130512_at 0.00 −1.69 0.00 0.00 −2.50 −1.87 UNK_AI848603 AI848603 130696_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.94 0.00 0.00 UNK_AW210623 AW210623 130730_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −1.91 −2.09 UNK_AA270325 AA270325 132118_at 0.00 −1.73 0.00 −2.16 −1.93 −1.94 UNK_AI642706 AI642706 133171_at 0.00 −2.00 −1.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AA683786 AA683786 133759_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.61 0.00 UNK_AI480951 AI480951 133886_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −4.76 0.00 UNK_AA168908 AA168908 134047_at 0.00 −1.88 0.00 0.00 −2.17 −1.74 UNK_AW123320 AW123320 134281_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.51 0.00 UNK_AI551165 AI551165 134622_f_at −2.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI641962 AI641962 134778_at 0.00 −1.98 −1.91 0.00 −2.80 −1.87 UNK_AI666678 AI666678 135643_at 0.00 −2.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AA396310 AA396310 135691_at 0.00 −1.77 0.00 0.00 −2.36 −1.46 UNK_AA882067 AA882067 136174_at 0.00 0.00 −1.68 0.00 −2.11 −1.50 UNK_AW048956 AW048956 136545_at 0.00 −4.44 −1.77 0.00 −1.82 0.00 UNK_AA982069 AA982069 136719_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.50 0.00 UNK_AI847908 AI847908 137973_at 0.00 −1.94 −1.65 0.00 −3.24 −1.85 UNK_AI843877 AI843877 137979_at 0.00 −2.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AI848070 AI848070 138060_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.00 0.00 UNK_AW122571 AW122571 138086_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −1.73 −2.25 UNK_AW122816 AW122816 138556_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.27 UNK_AI874931 AI874931 139522_at 0.00 −1.48 0.00 0.00 −2.07 −1.56 UNK_AW046420 AW046420 139980_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.05 −1.67 UNK_AI450646 AI450646 140519_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.66 −1.97 UNK_AI642378 AI642378 140861_at 0.00 −2.29 0.00 0.00 −1.43 0.00 UNK_AI645591 AI645591 104962_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.78 −3.35 AA450473 AA450473 93316_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.00 0.00 UNK_AB017026 AB017026 97172_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.07 0.00 ABCC9 D86037 95425_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.24 0.00 acetyl-Coenzyme A U21489 dehydrogenase, long chain; Acadl 92581_at 0.00 0.00 −1.93 0.00 −2.49 0.00 acetyl-Coenzyme A U07159 dehydrogenase, medium chain; Acadm 106070_at 0.00 0.00 −3.56 0.00 −4.60 0.00 UNK_AI854239 AI854239 104650_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −8.36 acetylcholinesterase; X56518 Ache 101515_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.32 0.00 acyl-Coenzyme A AF006688 oxidase; Acox- pending 101028_i_at 0.00 −1.72 −3.47 0.00 −3.72 −2.05 actin, alpha, cardiac; M15501 Actc1 93903_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.07 0.00 activin receptor IIB; M84120 Acvr2b 99671_at 0.00 −1.93 −2.01 0.00 0.00 1.51 adipsin; Adn X04673 98999_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.64 −1.88 ADSL AA606587 98435_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.43 −2.03 adenylosuccinate M74495 synthetase 1, muscle; Adss1 111708_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.33 −1.94 AF180471 AA709944 97279_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.14 0.00 UNK_AI837615 AI837615 110392_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.20 0.00 UNK_AA789854 AA789854 112429_at −1.97 −1.95 −1.77 0.00 −2.77 0.00 UNK_AI462012 AI462012 112387_at 0.00 −2.45 0.00 0.00 −3.22 −2.31 UNK_AI747215 AI747215 99521_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.53 0.00 AK4 AB020239 92768_s_at 0.00 0.00 −2.85 −2.29 0.00 0.00 aminolevulinic acid M15268 synthase 2, erythroid; Alas2 93500_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.08 0.00 0 M63245 100068_at 0.00 −1.88 0.00 0.00 −3.32 −1.91 alcohol M74570 dehydrogenase family 1, subfamily A2; Aldh1a2 101489_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.09 −2.05 AMD1 D12780 100323_at 0.00 0.00 −1.91 0.00 −2.12 0.00 AMD2 Z23077 100324_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.21 −1.84 AMD2 Z23077 101058_at 0.00 0.00 −2.85 0.00 −2.87 −2.06 AMY1 J00356 100440_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.30 −2.28 ANK1 U76758 100441_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −5.39 −2.20 ANK1 X69064 100439_i_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.65 −1.95 ANK1 U76758 98476_at 0.00 0.00 −1.74 0.00 −2.10 0.00 ANK3 L40631 98477_s_at 0.00 −1.84 0.00 0.00 −3.34 −1.89 ankyrin 3, epithelial; L40632 AnK3 97786_at −1.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.14 −1.51 UNK_AJ011118 AJ011118 97235_f_at 0.00 −1.80 −2.29 0.00 −3.50 0.00 APOBEC2 AW124988 93592_at −1.50 −3.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 apolipoprotein D; X82648 Apod 109808_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.03 0.00 APOE AI504617 102704_at −0.92 −4.95 −3.29 −4.01 −5.56 −3.77 aquaporin 4; Aqp4 U88623 102703_s_at 0.00 −2.91 0.00 0.00 −3.94 −2.23 AQP4 U48398 102382_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.46 ARNTL AB014494 99481_at 0.00 0.00 −1.98 0.00 −2.90 −2.33 UNK_AI839697 AI839697 93664_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.07 ATP1B2 X16645 99570_s_at 0.00 −2.68 −1.76 −2.81 −1.98 0.00 ATP2A2 AF029982 103699_i_at 0.00 −2.48 −3.08 0.00 −3.36 −2.40 UNK_AI646638 AI646638 96035_at 0.00 0.00 −2.13 0.00 −2.59 −1.68 branched chain L47335 ketoacid dehydrogenase E1, alpha polypeptide; Bckdha 102302_at 0.00 0.00 −1.89 0.00 −2.21 0.00 BCKDHB L16992 103015_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.04 0.00 B-cell U41465 leukemia/lymphoma 6; Bcl6 93836_at 0.00 −2.58 −2.53 0.00 −3.95 −1.74 BNIP3 AF041054 101903_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.93 −2.66 CD8beta opposite U76371 strand; Bop 94815_at 0.00 −1.91 −2.05 0.00 −3.33 0.00 2,3- X13586 bisphosphoglycerate mutase; Bpgm 113861_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.15 −1.61 BVES-PENDING AI152383 101128_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.93 −2.12 calcium channel, L06234 voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1S subunit; Cacna1s 99812_at 0.00 −1.79 0.00 0.00 −2.40 −2.09 calpain 3; Capn3 X92523 99813_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.54 −2.11 calpain 3; Capn3 X92523 98079_at −2.36 −4.93 0.00 0.00 −13.32 −6.68 CAR14 AB005450 92642_at 0.00 0.00 −2.16 0.00 −2.62 5.27 CAR2 M25944 100600_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.40 −2.04 CD24A M58661 93332_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.65 −1.74 CD36 antigen; Cd36 L23108 101516_at 0.00 0.00 −2.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 CD59 U60473 104743_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.26 −2.14 UNK_AB022100 AB022100 95471_at 0.00 −2.68 −2.76 0.00 2.10 1.92 cyclin-dependent U22399 kinase inhibitor 1C (P57); Cdkn1c 104209_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −6.63 −3.70 CHRP AI847016 99994_at 0.00 0.00 −2.89 0.51 −3.44 0.00 CIDEA AF041376 94463_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −5.15 0.00 chloride channel 3; X78874 Clcn3 94464_at 0.00 −1.75 0.00 0.00 −2.12 −1.59 CLCN3 AF029347 94465_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.01 −1.32 CLCN3 AF029347 92322_at 0.00 0.00 −2.94 −1.65 −2.57 0.00 cathelin-like protein; X94353 Cnlp 93582_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.10 0.00 COQ7 AF080580 102749_at 0.00 0.00 −1.45 0.00 −2.37 −1.32 COX7A1 AF037370 113828_at 0.00 −2.35 −2.07 0.00 −4.31 −2.24 CPT1B AA189179 102951_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.03 CRADD AJ224738 103646_at 0.00 0.00 −1.75 0.00 −2.43 −1.81 carnitine X85983 acetyltransferase; Crat 99065_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.08 0.00 0.00 casein kappa; Csnk M10114 97336_at 0.00 −2.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.12 UNK_AJ131851 AJ131851 98132_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.97 0.00 cytochrome c, X01756 somatic; Cycs 93996_at 0.00 −4.02 −5.63 −4.92 −3.73 0.00 CYP2E1 X01026 94526_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.34 0.00 UNK_AI848453 AI848453 96757_at 0.00 0.00 −2.06 0.00 −3.05 −1.95 D10JHU81E AI852165 109645_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.03 −1.59 UNK_AW123377 AW123377 113324_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.47 0.00 UNK_AI121830 AI121830 96803_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.32 0.00 UNK_AW210370 AW210370 96346_at 0.00 −1.46 −2.12 0.00 2.45 5.93 D18UCLA3 AI854020 133703_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.52 −2.07 UNK_AI462192 AI462192 95594_at 0.00 −2.01 −2.26 0.00 −2.86 −2.01 UNK_AI847486 AI847486 93614_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −4.05 −4.34 UNK_AA600647 AA600647 99959_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.42 0.00 UNK_AW061337 AW061337 97397_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.35 −1.50 UNK_AI848344 AI848344 113212_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −4.09 −1.85 UNK_AI848538 AI848538 102859_at 0.00 −1.90 0.00 0.00 −2.02 −1.80 UNK_AW121304 AW121304 96112_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.15 0.00 UNK_AI851178 AI851178 112421_at 0.00 −2.29 0.00 0.00 −6.07 −3.49 UNK_AI838528 AI838528 103617_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.42 0.00 decay accelerating D63679 factor 1; Daf1 98966_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.58 −0.74 dihydrolipoamide L42996 branched chain transacylase E2; Dbt 98527_at 0.00 −2.22 0.00 0.00 −3.37 −2.02 dodecenoyl- Z14050 Coenzyme A delta isomerase (3,2 trans- enoyl-Coenyme A isomerase); Dci 95478_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.07 −1.81 DEB1 AW124231 99485_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.08 0.00 DFFA AB009376 108255_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.29 −2.60 DUSP13 AA144705 100311_f_at 0.00 0.00 −2.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 EAR1 U72032 103240_f_at 0.00 0.00 −3.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 EAR3 AF017258 93754_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.05 0.00 enoyl coenzyme A AF030343 hydratase 1, peroxisomal; Ech1 102774_at 0.00 −1.77 0.00 0.00 −2.89 −1.98 epidermal growth V00741 factor; Egf 94353_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.24 eukaryotic U75530 translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 2; Eif4ebp2 93051_at 0.00 −2.61 0.00 0.00 −2.14 0.00 EPHX2 Z37107 101538_i_at 0.00 −4.79 −3.78 0.00 −7.47 −1.63 ES1 AW226939 101539_f_at 0.00 −3.93 −3.37 0.00 −7.31 0.00 ES1 AW226939 103964_at 0.00 −1.62 −1.63 0.00 −2.22 0.00 estrogen related U85259 receptor, alpha; Esrra 115969_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.50 0.00 EXTL1 AI850861 94214_at 0.00 −2.71 0.00 0.00 −3.30 0.00 FABP3 X14961 94507_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.62 0.00 fatty acid Coenzyme U15977 A ligase, long chain 2; Facl2 98575_at 0.00 −1.34 −3.15 −2.39 −3.33 0.00 fatty acid synthase; X13135 Fasn 100928_at −4.16 0.00 0.00 2.21 −0.01 19.58 fibulin 2; Fbln2 X75285 97379_at −0.89 −3.22 −4.99 0.00 −7.21 −4.72 fructose D42083 bisphosphatase 2; Fbp2 97518_at 0.00 −3.76 −2.66 0.00 −2.48 −1.86 famesyl diphosphate D29016 famesyl transferase 1; Fdft1 92587_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.01 0.00 ferredoxin 1; Fdx1 L29123 97213_at 0.00 −2.01 −2.18 0.00 −3.49 −2.34 FEM1A AF064447 100494_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.74 0.00 FGF1 M30641 103995_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.00 −2.32 FGFBP1 AF065441 102366_at 0.00 0.00 −5.06 −3.75 0.00 2.31 UNK_AA718169 AA718169 101991_at 0.00 −2.61 0.00 0.00 −1.59 1.77 flavin containing D16215 monooxygenase 1; Fmo1 104607_at 0.00 0.00 −1.82 0.00 −2.08 −1.72 UNK_AF093624 AF093624 99121_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.20 0.00 fragile X mental X90875 retardation gene, autosomal homolog; Fxr1h 97430_at 0.00 −2.17 0.00 0.00 −3.62 −2.00 G6PT1 AF080469 104616_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.11 0.00 galactose-1- M96265 phosphate uridyl transferase; Galt 102967_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 −1.64 −2.62 −2.68 GDAP1 Y17850 92592_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.62 −2.07 GDC1 M25558 97155_at −1.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 −4.30 −2.94 myostatin; Mstn U84005 98984_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −5.39 −2.75 glycerol phosphate D50430 dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial; Gdm1 99107_at 0.00 −2.02 0.00 0.00 −1.80 0.00 GHR M31680 102060_at 0.00 −2.08 0.00 0.00 −1.92 −1.63 GOLGA4 AF051357 100573_f_at 0.00 −1.98 −1.95 0.00 −2.35 −1.80 GPI1 M14220 113915_at 0.00 −2.92 −3.65 −4.26 −4.95 −3.03 UNK_AI226254 AI226254 93750_at 0.00 −2.13 −2.15 0.00 −1.75 0.00 gelsolin; Gsn J04953 112869_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.44 −2.45 GSNPAT-PENDING AI852572 96085_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.36 GSTA4 L06047 93543_f_at 0.00 0.00 −1.85 0.00 −2.20 0.00 GSTM1 J03952 102094_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.22 −1.46 GSTM1 AI841270 95445_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −1.96 −2.10 GUKMI1 AW124194 100597_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.22 0.00 GYG1 AW049730 98496_at 0.00 −2.01 0.00 0.00 −2.49 −1.83 GYS3 U53218 95485_at 0.00 0.00 −1.89 0.00 −2.61 0.00 hydroxylacyl- D29639 Coenzyme A dehydrogenase- dehydrogenase; Hadh 94781_at −1.29 −1.94 −2.84 −2.71 −1.65 0.00 hemoglobin alpha, V00714 adult chain 1; Hba- a1 103534_at −1.77 −1.81 −3.81 0.00 −2.23 1.56 hemoglobin, beta V00722 adult minor chain; Hbb-b2 94375_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.10 −1.94 hexokinase 2; Hk2 Y11666 92568_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −1.92 −2.02 house-keeping M74555 protein 1; Hkp1 102714_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −1.87 −2.08 HSC70T L27086 97867_at 0.00 −2.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 hydroxysteroid 11- X83202 beta dehydrogenase 1; Hsd11b1 102620_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −7.64 −4.63 UNK_AF088983 AF088983 97914_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.02 −1.92 heat shock protein, D17666 74 kDa, A; Hspa9a 95693_at 0.00 −2.56 −2.35 0.00 −2.04 −1.82 isocitrate U51167 dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial; Idh2 93029_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.22 0.00 isocitrate U68564 dehydrogenase 3 (NAD+), gamma; Idh3g 103904_at 0.00 −2.69 −2.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 insulin-like growth X81584 factor binding protein 6; Igfbp6 96764_at −2.18 0.00 4.23 4.92 2.47 10.03 UNK_AJ007971 AJ007971 110795_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.27 0.00 JDP1-PENDING AI852445 94193_at 0.00 0.00 −3.26 0.00 −3.75 −2.14 KCNA7 AF032099 98787_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −4.22 potassium inwardly D50581 rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 11; Kcnj11 102849_at 0.00 0.00 −3.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 potassium inwardly- D88159 rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 8; Kcnj8 94379_at 0.00 −2.47 −1.93 0.00 −2.35 −2.21 kinesin heavy chain D17577 member 1B; Kif1b 93527_at 0.00 −2.06 −2.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 KLF9 Y14296 93528_s_at 0.00 −1.98 0.00 0.00 −2.51 0.00 KLF9 AI848050 94321_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.29 0.00 keratin complex 1, V00830 acidic, gene 10; Krt1- 10 97976_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.24 0.00 kinectin 1; Ktn1 L43326 92366_at 0.00 −2.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 laminin, alpha 2; U12147 Lama2 101990_at 0.00 −3.06 −2.70 0.00 −3.72 −1.80 lactate X51905 dehydrogenase 2, B chain; Ldh2 96608_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.42 0.00 lupus nephritis- AF023463 associated peptide 1; Lnap1 113140_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.11 −2.24 LOC56046 AI846417 103090_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.06 LOC56046 AI838742 99536_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.79 −2.17 UNK_AB016080 AB016080 112850_at 0.00 −1.89 −1.68 0.00 −2.20 −2.12 UNK_AW121352 AW121352 101115_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.20 −2.15 −0.12 lactotransferrin; Ltf J03298 130772_at 0.00 −2.36 −2.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 LYNX1 AI838844 137205_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.71 0.00 LYNX1 AI839851 102828_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.31 −1.54 mitogen activated U39066 protein kinase kinase 6; Map2k6 102829_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.06 0.00 MAP2K6 X97052 102431_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −0.45 −2.09 MTAPT M18775 102742_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −1.89 −2.98 MTAPT M18775 96311_at 0.00 −2.37 0.00 0.00 −3.29 −2.09 MBP M11533 97282_at −11.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 MELA D10049 103838_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.36 −1.98 MG29 AB010144 102061_at 0.00 −3.00 −3.32 −3.75 −5.64 −2.29 MLF1 AF100171 103622_at −1.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.19 −1.80 UNK_AW050255 AW050255 96348_at 0.00 −2.13 0.00 0.00 −2.20 0.00 UNK_AW121217 AW121217 101082_at 0.00 0.00 −2.34 0.00 −2.56 −1.12 MOD1 J02652 102096_f_at 0.00 0.00 −2.42 0.00 0.00 3.13 MUP1 AI255271 101909_f_at 0.00 0.00 −4.14 0.00 0.00 3.70 MUP3 M16357 100017_at −1.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.75 0.00 myosin-binding U68267 protein H; Mybph 97990_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.28 0.00 myosin heavy chain D85923 11, smooth muscle; Myh11 98616_f_at 0.00 −8.12 −2.13 −32.76 −4.63 −4.81 MYHCB AJ223362 93050_at 0.00 −2.77 0.00 0.00 −2.91 −2.11 myosin light chain, M91602 phosphorylatable, cardiac ventricles; Mylpc 94122_at 7.47 3.44 2.58 0.00 −3.81 −1.94 MYOC AF041335 92407_at 0.00 −1.90 0.00 0.00 −3.23 −2.03 MYOM1 AJ012072 102041_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.53 −1.90 MYOM2 AJ001038 92876_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −4.44 −2.04 NADH AA590675 dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe—S protein 4 (18 kDa); Ndufs4 93006_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −4.91 −2.79 NFIC Y07693 96153_at 0.00 0.00 −4.66 −8.35 −10.04 −5.56 neutrophilic granule L37297 protein; Ngp 92824_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.29 −1.91 NM23-M6 AF051942 99009_at 0.00 −2.54 0.00 0.00 −2.06 0.00 nicotinamide Z49204 nucleotide transhydrogenase; Nnt 98365_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.02 nitric oxide synthase D14552 1, neuronal; Nos1 102371_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.52 −2.20 nuclear receptor X16995 subfamily 4, group A, member 1; Nr4a1 92362_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.83 NTTP1 X95518 99549_at 0.00 −3.17 0.00 0.00 3.34 2.12 osteoglycin; Ogn D31951 104479_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −4.22 −5.06 purinergic receptor L14751 P2Y, G-protein coupled 2; P2ry2 113762_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.71 0.00 UNK_AI510151 AI510151 96735_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.76 UNK_AW049732 AW049732 93308_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 −1.80 −4.41 0.00 PCX M97957 100489_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.12 phosphodiesterase U68171 7A; Pde7a 115211_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.66 −1.52 PDHX AA987055 103526_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.17 −2.61 peptidyl arginine D16580 deiminase, type II; Pdi2 102049_at −1.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.30 0.00 PDK4 AJ001418 103297_at 0.00 0.00 −5.49 0.00 −5.13 −4.79 6-phosphofructo-2- X98848 kinase/fructose-2,6- biphosphatase 1; Pfkfb1 93567_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.14 −1.90 PFN2 AW122536 92599_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.14 −1.47 PGAM2 AF029843 94733_at 0.00 −1.95 −2.18 −1.90 −2.98 −1.72 P glycoprotein 2; J03398 Pgy2 94855_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −4.56 −3.15 prohibitin; Phb X78682 92519_at 0.00 −2.02 −2.13 0.00 −2.66 −2.06 phosphorylase X74616 kinase alpha 1; Phka1 97094_at 0.00 0.00 −2.50 0.00 −5.08 −2.05 phosphorylase J03293 kinase gamma; Phkg 107109_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −4.21 −2.18 PHRET1 AI835608 104431_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.03 −1.83 protein kinase C, D11091 theta; Pkcq 98004_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.53 −2.11 protein kinase M63554 inhibitor, alpha; Pkia 98005_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.57 −1.86 PKIA AW125442 113154_at 0.43 0.00 −2.71 −1.11 −2.08 2.44 UNK_AI854500 AI854500 96114_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.25 0.00 UNK_AW122076 AW122076 93933_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.41 −2.58 protein phosphatase U89924 1, regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 5; Ppp1r5 97989_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.59 −1.60 protein phosphatase M81483 3, catalytic subunit, beta isoform; Ppp3cb 96256_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.17 0.00 peroxiredoxin 3; M28723 Prdx3 97096_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −5.20 −2.84 protein kinase, J02935 cAMP dependent regulatory, type II alpha; Prkar2a 100595_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.33 0.00 PTP4A2 AF035644 101027_s_at 0.00 −1.93 0.00 0.00 −2.20 −1.52 PTTG1 AF069051 96720_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.67 0.00 parvalbumin; Pva X59382 104098_at 0.00 −2.59 −2.95 −3.60 −3.43 −2.09 peroxisomal L28835 membrane protein 2, 22 kDa; Pxmp2 92410_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.59 RAD23a homolog X92410 (S. cerevisiae); Rad23a 104680_at 0.00 −2.27 −2.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 RAMP1 AJ250489 100562_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.97 −3.48 UNK_AI846319 AI846319 99951_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −4.08 RORC AF019660 98464_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.35 0.00 UNK_AW124196 AW124196 96296_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.25 0.00 RPML7 AI843685 98007_at 0.00 −3.41 −2.82 −3.72 −3.18 −2.45 RPS6KA2 AJ131021 92237_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −9.91 −5.35 retinoid X receptor X66225 gamma; Rxrg 103448_at 0.00 2.51 −4.75 −1.37 −6.47 3.81 S100 calcium M83218 binding protein A8 (calgranulin A); S100a8 103887_at 4.41 0.00 −8.99 −5.52 −6.50 5.43 S100 calcium- M83219 binding protein A9 (calgranulin B); S100a9 102763_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.52 −1.62 UNK_AF064748 AF064748 102712_at −3.84 2.96 4.98 8.61 4.23 0.00 serum amyloid A 3; X03505 Saa3 99665_at 0.00 0.00 −2.09 −2.05 −3.58 −2.00 special AT-rich U05252 sequence binding protein 1; Satb1 111448_f_at 0.00 −1.94 −1.73 0.00 −2.64 −1.81 SATB1 AI121993 111449_r_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.19 0.00 SATB1 AI121993 103399_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.01 SCML1 AI853225 102808_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.21 −1.64 sodium channel, L48687 voltage-gated, type I, beta polypeptide; Scn1b 94140_at 0.48 2.44 −2.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 SCVR M59446 92742_at 0.00 −4.88 0.00 0.00 −2.58 −1.69 SCYA11 U77462 98624_at 0.00 −1.98 −2.23 0.00 −2.88 −2.07 seb4 protein; Seb4 X75316 103395_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.03 −1.79 SGCA AF019564 101394_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.25 0.00 SGCG AB024922 96204_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.53 0.00 SH3BGR AJ239082 102208_at 0.00 −1.79 −2.13 0.00 −2.43 0.00 ST3GALVI AI153959 99320_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.62 0.00 sialyltransferase 8 X98014 (alpha 2, 8 sialytransferase) E; Siat8e 92722_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.03 0.00 sine oculis-related X80339 homeobox 1 homolog (Drosophila); Six1 93000_g_at −2.80 −2.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 SIX4 D50416 93001_at −1.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.44 0.00 sine oculis-related D50418 homeobox 4 homolog (Drosophila); Six4 102314_at 0.00 −2.97 0.00 0.00 −4.23 −2.74 solute carrier family M23383 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 4; Slc2a4 109069_at 0.00 −2.82 −2.00 0.00 0.00 3.28 SLC39A1 AI255982 96926_at −2.06 −2.87 −2.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNK_AA980164 AA980164 96042_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.94 0.00 SOD2 L35528 92302_at 0.00 0.00 −1.87 0.00 −2.80 0.00 Son of sevenless Z11664 homolog 2. (Drosophila); Sos2 92726_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.87 −2.50 SOX6 AJ010605 113125_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −3.81 −2.03 UNK_AI851671 AI851671 100952_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.38 −2.24 stromal Interaction U47323 molecule 1; Stim1 92888_s_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.62 −1.73 protein tyrosine U34973 phosphatase-like unspliced c-terminal product and spliced c-terminal end STYX; hStyxb 93501_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.61 0.00 SUCLA2 AF058955 93502_r_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −4.71 0.00 SUCLA2 AF058955 96268_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.29 0.00 UNK_AI840979 AI840979 100587_f_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.02 0.00 SUPT4H AI843959 93994_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.00 0.00 SYCP3 AW212131 102221_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.28 −1.75 SYNGR1 AJ002306 100355_g_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.24 −1.51 TBX14 AF013282 102256_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.14 0.00 TBX15 AF041822 102344_s_at 0.00 −2.14 −2.56 −4.39 −4.38 −2.48 TCEA3 AI132239 97402_at −2.80 −5.83 −4.24 −3.96 −4.97 −2.21 thioether S- M88694 methyltransferase; Temt 101964_at 0.00 0.00 −2.16 0.00 0.00 3.47 transketolase; Tkt U05809 92224_at 0.00 −5.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 tetranectin X79199 (plasminogen- binding protein); Tna 101063_at 0.00 −3.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.68 troponin C, M29793 cardiac/slow skeletal; Tncc 98561_at 0.00 −3.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.24 UNK_AJ242874 AJ242874 93532_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.52 0.00 troponin I, skeletal, J04992 fast 2; Tnni2 101383_at 0.00 −2.85 0.00 0.00 −1.69 −1.97 TNNT1 AJ131711 99532_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.17 0.00 transducer of ErbB- D78382 2.1; Tob1 101446_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.49 0.00 TPD52L1 AF004428 93266_at 0.00 −2.33 −1.90 0.00 −2.55 −2.51 tropomyosin 5; U04541 Tpm5 93509_at 0.00 0.00 −1.82 0.00 −2.58 −2.00 UBE2B U57690 99507_at 0.00 0.00 −3.44 0.00 −2.86 −1.60 UCP M21247 93392_at −1.48 −1.66 0.00 0.00 −2.72 −1.67 UCP3 AB010742 95537_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.26 0.00 ULK2 AB019577 92820_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.43 −2.13 USP2 AI846522 92821_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.73 −1.71 USP2 AF079565 114088_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.55 −1.55 VAMP1 AI850070 92496_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.59 VAMP5 AF035643 103001_at 0.00 −2.17 −1.96 0.00 −3.42 −2.12 vascular endothelial U43836 growth factor B; Vegfb 98549_at 0.00 −1.87 0.00 0.00 −2.11 0.00 vitronectin; Vtn M77123 115141_at 0.00 0.00 −3.89 0.00 −5.60 0.00 UNK_AW049840 AW049840 103824_at −1.39 −2.00 −2.01 0.00 −1.92 −1.71 WFS1 AF084482 103238_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −4.41 0.00 wingless-related M89797 MMTV integration site 4; Wnt4 96063_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.02 0.00 X-ray repair X66323 complementing defective repair In Chinese hamster cells 5; XrccS 99932_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −6.45 ZFP100 U14556 101456_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.16 −1.95 ZFP106 AF060245 108046_at 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −2.37 −2.19 ZFP238 AI844802

TABLE 5 BMP-2-induced changes in the expression of known genes previously associated with bone or cartilage metabolism. Gene Title Symbol GenBank Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 7 Day 14 Cell Surface Proteins OSTEO- Osf2 D13664 2.1 +/− 0.2 4.1 +/− 0.6 7.4 +/− 0.2 11.6 +/− 0.3   64.3 +/− 6.7  42.7 +/− 12   BLAST SPECIFIC FACT. 2 MEGAKAR. Prg4 AB034730 0 +/− 0 5.6 +/− 0.2 4.3 +/− 0.2 4.8 +/− 0.1   0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 STIM. FACT. CADHERIN Cdh11 D21253 0 +/− 0 2.1 +/− 0.3 2.9 +/− 0   5.5 +/− 3.3   37.9 +/− 9.6  38.2 +/− 7.3  11 CD44 Cd44 M27129 0 +/− 0 3.2 +/− 0.5 3.9 +/− 0.1 4.3 +/− 0.3   4.5 +/− 0.2   6 +/− 0.6 ANTIGEN CADHERIN Cdh2 AB008811 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 2.1 +/− 0.5   15.9 +/− 1.5  14.6 +/− 0.2  2 SYNDECAN Sdc2 U00674 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   4.1 +/− 1.2 4.5 +/− 0.2 2 INTEGRIN Itgav U14135 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   4.4 +/− 1.4 5.7 +/− 1   ALPHA V (CD51) NEURAL Ncam X07233 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 4 +/− 1.3 7.8 +/− 1.9 3.4 +/− 0.6 CELL ADHESION MOLECULE SYNDECAN Sdc1 X15487 0 +/− 0 2 +/− 0.6 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   7.2 +/− 1   6.9 +/− 0.2 1 L-34 Lgals3 X16074 0 +/− 0 1.6 +/− 0.3 2.1 +/− 0.5 2.4 +/− 0.5     6 +/− 0.9 8.4 +/− 0.9 GALACTO- SIDE- BINDING LECTIN. GAP JUNC. Gja1 X61576 0 +/− 0 2.3 +/− 0.5 0 +/− 0 4 +/− 0.8 8.4 +/− 1.9 14.8 +/− 3.6  MEMB. CHANN. PROT. ALPHA 1 INTEGRIN Itgb3 AF026509 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   0 +/− 0 7.2 +/− 1   BETA 3 (CD61) INTEGRIN Itgb2 X14951 2.6 +/− 0.6   3 +/− 0.3 2.8 +/− 1.1 2.9 +/− 0.3   2.9 +/− 1.1 8.8 +/− 0.1 BETA 2 (CD18) VASCULAR Vcam1 X67783 0 +/− 0 2.2 +/− 0   0 +/− 0 2.9 +/− 0.6   3.5 +/− 0.9 6.8 +/− 1.4 CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1 Cytokines CONNEC- Ctgf M70642 5.1 +/− 0.8 8 +/− 1 10.2 +/− 3.1  5.8 +/− 1.7   19.1 +/− 3.1  9.6 +/− 0.5 TIVE TISSUE GROWTH FACTOR STROMAL Sdf5 D50462 2.2 +/− 0.8 4.6 +/− 0.5 8.3 +/− 2.3 10.2 +/− 3.4   17.5 +/− 1.6  10.1 +/− 1.1  CELL DERIVED FACT. 5 MONO. Scya8 AB023418 0 +/− 0 3.9 +/− 1.8   6 +/− 2.3 9 +/− 2.3 9.4 +/− 1.3 4.8 +/− 2   CHEMO- ATTRAC. PROT.-2 PRECUR. SMALL Scya2 J04467 3.3 +/− 0.6 7.4 +/− 1.4 8.5 +/− 1.9 8.4 +/− 0.6   5.9 +/− 0.9 1.9 +/− 1   INDUCIB. CYTOKINE A2 IL-1 BETA II1b M15131 1.1 +/− 1.9 5.4 +/− 2   4.4 +/− 2.1 4.3 +/− 1.1   0 +/− 0 5.4 +/− 0.9 CYSTEINE Cyr61 M32490 1.7 +/− 0.5 2.6 +/− 0.3 5.2 +/− 0.3 7.8 +/− 2.3   6.4 +/− 1.8 2.8 +/− 0.7 RICH PROT. 61 TGF, BETA Tgfb1 M13177 0 +/− 0 2.6 +/− 0.5 0 +/− 0 2.9 +/− 0.7   11.3 +/− 0.8  7.6 +/− 0.7 1 MIDKINE Mdk M35833 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   22.2 +/− 1.8  10.9 +/− 1.5  INHIBIN Inhba X69619 0 +/− 0 1.5 +/− 0.4   2 +/− 0.7 4.9 +/− 4.4   5.2 +/− 2.8 0 +/− 0 BETA-A WNT1 Wisp2 AF126063 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   0 +/− 0 4.3 +/− 0.3 INDUCIB. SIG. PATHWAY PROT. 2 STROMAL Sdf1 D43805 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   0 +/− 0 6.7 +/− 1   CELL DERIVED FACT. 1 COLONY Csf1 M21149 2.8 +/− 0.6 3 +/− 1 1.9 +/− 0.1 0 +/− 0   3.1 +/− 0.7 5.3 +/− 0.7 STIM. FACT. 1 (MACRO- PHAGE) PDGF, Pdgfa M29464 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   5.7 +/− 1.4 0 +/− 0 ALPHA TGF, BETA Tgfb3 M32745 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 2.6 +/− 0.3   4.1 +/− 1.3 1.9 +/− 0.3 3 BONE Bmp8a M97017 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   0 +/− 0 5.6 +/− 1.2 MORPHO- GENETIC PROT. 8A TPA TPAR1 S74318 −1.8 +/− 0.1   0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   2.2 +/− 0.2   9 +/− 1.9 REPRESSED GENE 1 SECRETED Sfrp3 U91905 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   9.5 +/− 1   2.2 +/− 0.8 FRIZZLED- RELATED PROT. 3 OSTEOPRO- Tnfrsf11b U94331 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   5.2 +/− 0.6 0 +/− 0 TEGERIN FOLLI- Fst Z29532 0 +/− 0 2.4 +/− 0.3 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   4.2 +/− 0.1 0 +/− 0 STATIN GROWTH Gdf1 M62301 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0  −4.7 +/− 0    0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 DIFFEREN. FACT. 1 Extracellular Matrix Proteins TENASCIN Tnc X56304 0 +/− 0 6.6 +/− 1.6 14.4 +/− 1.7  34.5 +/− 13    91.6 +/− 22.7 68.9 +/− 7.6  C SECRETED Spp1 J04806 2.4 +/− 0.9 3.4 +/− 1.4 6 +/− 1 15.7 +/− 10.7   46.2 +/− 8.7  98.3 +/− 5.1  PHOSPHO- PROT. 1 BIGLYCAN Bgn X53928 1.8 +/− 0.3 2.8 +/− 0.5 4.2 +/− 0.1 5.8 +/− 1    11.6 +/− 1.3  12.1 +/− 1.4  PROCOLL., Col5a1 AB009993 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 3.1 +/− 0.9 9 +/− 2.2 17.1 +/− 3.2  15.5 +/− 1.5  TYPE V, ALPHA 1 CHON- Cspg2 D16263 2.4 +/− 1   3.1 +/− 0.6 4.4 +/− 0.5 5.4 +/− 0.4   5.1 +/− 1.2 2.4 +/− 0.3 DROITIN SULFATE PROTEO- GLYCAN 2 PROCOLL., Col5a2 L02918 0 +/− 0 2.4 +/− 0.3 3.6 +/− 0.5 7 +/− 0   17.2 +/− 1   18.3 +/− 0.4  TYPE V, ALPHA 2 AGGRECAN Agc L07049 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 4.8 +/− 2    27.6 +/− 3.4  4.7 +/− 0.8 FIBRO- Fn1 M18194 0 +/− 0 3.1 +/− 0.2   3 +/− 0.4 4.5 +/− 0.4   7.8 +/− 0.5 6.1 +/− 0.4 NECTIN 1 ALPHA-1 Col3a1 M18933 0 +/− 0 2.3 +/− 0.3 2.2 +/− 0.3 5 +/− 0.2  13 +/− 1.2 7.9 +/− 0.7 TYPE-III COLLAGEN THROMBO- Thbs1 M87276   3 +/− 0.7 3.8 +/− 0.8 3.9 +/− 1.2 9.5 +/− 3.4   27.2 +/− 6.4  8.5 +/− 2   SPONDIN 1 PROCOLL., Col12a1 U25652 0.5 +/− 1.4   2 +/− 0.3 3.9 +/− 0.4 7.9 +/− 2.5   29.4 +/− 7.5  12.1 +/− 1.3  TYPE XII, ALPHA 1 PROCOLL., Col6a2 X65582 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 5.6 +/− 0    14.1 +/− 2.6  9.7 +/− 0.5 TYPE VI, ALPHA 2 COL8A1 Col8a1 X66977 0 +/− 0 2.4 +/− 0.2 1.8 +/− 0.1 6.8 +/− 1.4   23.4 +/− 3.7  8.1 +/− 3.1 LUMICAN Lum AF013262 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 2.9 +/− 0.5   8.5 +/− 0.8 7.7 +/− 1   COL11A2 Col11a2 AF100956 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   23.7 +/− 0.2  24.2 +/− 9   PROCOLL., Col11a1 D38162 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   79.8 +/− 1.6  49.7 +/− 3.7  TYPE XI, ALPHA 1 INTEGRIN Ibsp L20232 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   237.8 +/− 9    174.1 +/− 17   BINDING SIALOPROT. BONE GLA. Bglap1 L24431 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 −4.1 +/− 1    0 +/− 0   14.9 +/− 4.7  59.6 +/− 3.8  PROT. 1 PROCOLL., Col2a1 M65161 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 −1.8 +/− 0.1   0 +/− 0   168.1 +/− 24   28.9 +/− 3   TYPE II, ALPHA 1 PROCOLL., Col6a1 Z18271 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 1.7 +/− 0   3.4 +/− 0.1     5 +/− 0.3   4 +/− 0.4 TYPE VI, ALPHA 1 PROCOLL., Col10a1 Z21610 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   45.1 +/− 29.9 5.6 +/− 3.2 TYPE X, ALPHA 1 CARTILAGE Comp AF033530 0 +/− 0 2.2 +/− 0.4 0 +/− 0 2.3 +/− 0.6   10.8 +/− 0.7  2.8 +/− 0.4 OLIGO- MERIC MATRIX PROT. CARTILAGE Crtl1 AF098460 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   14.9 +/− 1.1  0 +/− 0 LINK PROT. 1 PROCOLL., Col14a1 AJ131395 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   4.1 +/− 0.8 2.1 +/− 0.3 TYPE XIV, ALPHA 1 PROCOLL., Col9a1 D17511 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0    14 +/− 0.7 0 +/− 0 TYPE IX, ALPHA 1 PROCOLL., Col15a1 D17546 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   6.9 +/− 0.6 3.9 +/− 0.7 TYPE XV BONE GLA. Bglap-rs1 L24430 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   0 +/− 0 77.8 +/− 18.8 PROT., RELATED SEQ. 1 EXTRACELL- Ecm1 L33416 0 +/− 0 2.4 +/− 0.2 2.6 +/− 0.2 3 +/− 0.4 3.2 +/− 0.6 5.1 +/− 0.2 ULAR MATRIX PROT. 1 ELASTIN Eln U08210 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   0 +/− 0 4.2 +/− 1.8 ALPHA 3 Col9a3 X91012 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   9.8 +/− 0.8 0 +/− 0 TYPE IX COLLAGEN. PROCOLL., Col9a2 Z22923 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   4.4 +/− 2.1 0 +/− 0 TYPE IX, ALPHA 2 Extracellular Proteins NEURO- Nbl1 D50263 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0     6 +/− 3.7 5.5 +/− 1.1 BLASTOMA, SUPP. OF TUMORIGEN. 1 IGF Igfbp4 X76066 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   7.1 +/− 1.2 5.4 +/− 0.4 BINDING PROT. 4 APOLIPO- Apoe D00466 0 +/− 0 1.8 +/− 0.4 2.4 +/− 0.1 2.7 +/− 0.1   3.8 +/− 0.2 4.8 +/− 0.3 PROT. E IGF Igfbp3 X81581 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0     5 +/− 0.4 3.2 +/− 1   BINDING PROT. 3 VITRO- Vtn M77123 −2.1 +/− 0.2   −4.2 +/− 1    −2.3 +/− 0.3   0 +/− 0   0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 NECTIN Intracellular Proteins CELL DIV. Cdc2a M38724 1.6 +/− 0.6 7.2 +/− 1.1 10.6 +/− 0.9  13.4 +/− 3.9   12.1 +/− 1.6    4 +/− 0.2 CYCLE 2 HOMOLOG A LYSYL Lox M65142 0 +/− 0 5.3 +/− 0.7 8.9 +/− 1   12.6 +/− 0.6   22.8 +/− 1.3  15.5 +/− 0.9  OXIDASE PROCOLL- Plod2 AF080572 0 +/− 0 2.9 +/− 0.4 6.2 +/− 2.6 15.2 +/− 4.4   13.5 +/− 1.8  11.6 +/− 1.7  LYS., 2-OXOGLUT. 5-DIOXY- GEN. 2 ALK. PHOS- Akp2 J02980 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 5 +/− 1 6.1 +/− 3.6   32.6 +/− 2.9  18.5 +/− 3.8  PHATASE 2, LIVER HEME Hmox1 X13356 1.9 +/− 0.3   4 +/− 1.5 4.5 +/− 1.2 7.3 +/− 2.3   8.2 +/− 0.3 7.6 +/− 1   OXYGENASE (DECYCL- ING) 1 PROCOLL- Plod3 AF046783 0 +/− 0 3.7 +/− 0.6 4.6 +/− 0.2 5.1 +/− 0.5   8.5 +/− 0.7 3.8 +/− 0.9 LYS., 2- OXOGLUT. 5- DIOXY- GEN. 3 PHOSPHO- Pla2g4 M72394 0 +/− 0 2.6 +/− 0.5 3.9 +/− 0.1 6.9 +/− 1.8   7.2 +/− 0.6 4.4 +/− 0.1 LIPASE A2, GROUP 4 ATPASE. Tcirg1 AB022322 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 3.1 +/− 0.8 0 +/− 0     7 +/− 1.4 27.8 +/− 2.4  H+ TRANSPORT- ING, LY- SOSOMAL I LYSYL Loxl2 AF117951 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 7.2 +/− 0.6   7.7 +/− 0.8 2.1 +/− 0.4 OXIDASE- LIKE PROT. 2 PROS- Ptgs2 M64291 0 +/− 0 2.5 +/− 0.3 2.3 +/− 0   8.9 +/− 3.4   5.5 +/− 1.2 −0.3 +/− 1.6   TAGLAN.- ENDOPEROX. SYNTHASE 2 CREATINE Ckb M74149 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   4.6 +/− 0.6 28.6 +/− 2   KINASE, BRAIN CALRETIC- Calr X14926 0 +/− 0 2.9 +/− 0.2   3 +/− 0.3 4.1 +/− 0.6   5.5 +/− 0.2 3.9 +/− 0.3 ULIN BCL2- Bax L22472 0 +/− 0 2.5 +/− 0.4 2.1 +/− 0.2 0 +/− 0   4.9 +/− 0.8 0 +/− 0 ASSOCI- ATED X PROT. CARBONIC Car2 M81022 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   0.3 +/− 1.4 13.8 +/− 3.7  ANHYDRASE 2 LYSYL Loxl U79144 0 +/− 0   2 +/− 0.1 0 +/− 0 3.5 +/− 0.1   4.6 +/− 0.6 3.4 +/− 0.3 OXIDASE- LIKE FATTY Fasn X13135 0 +/− 0 −1.5 +/− 2.6   −4.4 +/− 0.6   −3.3 +/− 2.4    −3.9 +/− 1.2   −0.2 +/− 2.3   ACID SYNTHASE Proteases TISSUE Timp M17243 1.1 +/− 2   12.8 +/− 3.2  25.4 +/− 7.6  48.1 +/− 11.6   100.3 +/− 11    56 +/− 3.5 INHIB. OF METALLO- PROT. SERINE Spi2-2 M64086 0 +/− 0 6.8 +/− 1.2 7.4 +/− 0.8 8.3 +/− 2.5   7.7 +/− 1.3 2.4 +/− 1.1 PROTEASE INHIB. 2-2 BONE Bmp1 L24755 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 2.9 +/− 0.5 6.8 +/− 1.7    23 +/− 4.1 18.1 +/− 0.3  MORPHO- GENETIC PROT. 1 MATRIX Mmp14 U54984 0 +/− 0 2.8 +/− 0.4 2.7 +/− 0   7 +/− 1.3 23.1 +/− 3.8  18.1 +/− 4.6  METALLO- PROT. 14 CATHEPSIN Ctsk X94444 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 6.1 +/− 4    11.3 +/− 3.1   47 +/− 1.6 K MATRIX Mmp9 Z27231 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 20 +/− 16.8 16.3 +/− 12.3 221.5 +/− 18   METALLO- PROT. 9 PROCOLL. Pcolce AB008548 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 3.3 +/− 0.5     7 +/− 1.2 6.7 +/− 0.8 C-PROT. ENHANCER PROT. PLASMINO- Plat J03520 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   5.3 +/− 1.3 4.6 +/− 0.6 GEN ACT., TISSUE MATRIX Mmp2 M84324 −2.1 +/− 0.3   −1.8 +/− 0.1   0.1 +/− 1.7 2.7 +/− 0.4   8.1 +/− 1.1 7.2 +/− 0.6 METALLO- PROT. 2 UROKINASE Plaur X62700 1.7 +/− 0.3 3.1 +/− 0.5 0 +/− 0 4.4 +/− 1    7.8 +/− 0.7 2.3 +/− 0.4 PLASMINO- GEN ACT. RECEPT. MATRIX Mmp 13 X66473 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   19.3 +/− 2.5  144.8 +/− 24   METALLO- PROT. 13 PLASMINO- Serpine 1 M33960 0 +/− 0 2.9 +/− 0.7 2.8 +/− 0.3 5 +/− 1.3 3.2 +/− 0.5 0 +/− 0 GEN ACT. INHIB., TYPE I TISSUE Timp2 X62622 0 +/− 0 1.7 +/− 0.1 1.8 +/− 0   2.6 +/− 0.4   4.7 +/− 0.9 3.8 +/− 0.5 INHIB. OF METALLO- PROT. 2 Receptors TGF BETA Tgfbi L19932 2.8 +/− 0.7 6 +/− 2 5.6 +/− 0.7 7.8 +/− 0.7   5.3 +/− 1     2 +/− 0.4 INDUCED, 68 KDA PARATHY- Pthr X78936 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   3 +/− 0.1 6 +/− 1.9 57.4 +/− 1.3  25.5 +/− 1.1  ROID HORMONE RECEPT. PTP, Ptprd D13903 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 1.6 +/− 0.1   6.6 +/− 0.4 8.7 +/− 2.2 RECEPT. TYPE, D IL-4 II4ra M29854 0 +/− 0 4.8 +/− 1.4 2.9 +/− 0.1 0 +/− 0   8.1 +/− 0.7 0 +/− 0 RECEPT., ALPHA FIBROBL. Fgfr2 M86441 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   15.3 +/− 2.5  7.9 +/− 1.3 GROWTH FACT. RECEPT. 2 COLONY Csf1r X68932 1.8 +/− 0.5 3.2 +/− 0.4 3.3 +/− 0.5 4.1 +/− 0.6   3.5 +/− 0.6 10.9 +/− 0.9  STIM. FACT. 1 RECEPT. ACTIVIN A Acvr1 L15436 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 1.9 +/− 0.2 2.7 +/− 0.3   4.6 +/− 0.1 0 +/− 0 RECEPT., TYPE 1 COLONY Csf3r M58288 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   0 +/− 0 4.9 +/− 0.9 STIM. FACT. 3 RECEPT. COLONY Csf2ra M85078 0 +/− 0 2.6 +/− 0.7 3.3 +/− 0.3 0 +/− 0   4.8 +/− 0.8 3.9 +/− 0.4 STIM. FACT. 2 RECEPT., ALPHA TGF BETA Tgfbr2 S69114 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   0 +/− 0 4.7 +/− 1   RECEPT. II Signal Transduction C-SRC Csk U05247 0 +/− 0 2.6 +/− 0.3 0 +/− 0 2.9 +/− 0.1   4.9 +/− 0.4 3.6 +/− 0.2 TYROSINE KINASE Transcription Factors MAD Madh6 AF010133 6.7 +/− 3   8.1 +/− 1.7 9.9 +/− 2.3 4.6 +/− 0.9   7.7 +/− 2.9 5.5 +/− 0.5 HOMOLOG 6 INHIB. OF Idb1 M31885 3.6 +/− 0.7 8.1 +/− 1.9 7.6 +/− 0.8 4.9 +/− 1.9   4.4 +/− 1.7 4.9 +/− 0.6 DNA BINDING 1 INHIB. OF Idb2 M69293 2.4 +/− 0.6 4.5 +/− 0.6 5.7 +/− 1.4 4.8 +/− 0.5   11.9 +/− 3.2  5.7 +/− 0.7 DNA BINDING 2 RUNT Runx2 D14636 0 +/− 0 2.6 +/− 0.5 3.8 +/− 0.2 8.9 +/− 2.7   15.8 +/− 1.3  20.1 +/− 4.9  RELATED TRANSCRIP. FACT. 2 JUN-B Junb J03236 0.9 +/− 1.7 4.4 +/− 0.5 2.7 +/− 0   3.6 +/− 1.2   5.1 +/− 1   2.3 +/− 0.4 ONCOGENE SCLERAXIS Scx S78079 0 +/− 0 3.8 +/− 1.9 6.9 +/− 3.8 0 +/− 0   19.4 +/− 6   0 +/− 0 SIG. Stat1 U06924 0 +/− 0 2.2 +/− 0.3 3.5 +/− 0.9 4.7 +/− 0.3   2.7 +/− 0.1 5.2 +/− 3.2 TRANS. AND ACT. OF TRANS- CRIP. 1 DISTAL- Dlx5 U67840 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   8.5 +/− 1   7.5 +/− 1   LESS HOMEOBOX 5 NUC. FACT. Nfatc1 AF049606 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   2.7 +/− 0.8 5.2 +/− 0.8 ACTIV. T- CELLS, CYTOPLAS. 1 MAD Madh2 U60530 0 +/− 0   2 +/− 0.3 2.5 +/− 0.2 0 +/− 0   4.5 +/− 0.7 0 +/− 0 HOMOLOG 2 SLUG Slugh U79550 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   4.4 +/− 3.1 0 +/− 0 INHIB. OF Idb4 X75018 2.8 +/− 1.4 3.5 +/− 0.6 3.7 +/− 1.2 0 +/− 0   1.7 +/− 0.2   6 +/− 0.3 DNA BINDING 4

TABLE 6 BMP-2-induced changes in the expression of known genes not explicitly associated with bone or cartilage metabolism*. Gene Title Symbol GenBank Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 7 Day 14 Cell Surface Proteins CD68 Cd68 X68273 2.2 +/− 0.5 3.2 +/− 0.5 3.8 +/− 0.6 5.1 +/− 0.6 6.5 +/− 1.1 15.8 +/− 0.5  ANTIGEN FIBROBL. Fap Y10007 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 2.3 +/− 0.1 5.6 +/− 0.7 10.9 +/− 0.4  ACTIVA- TION PROT. CD9 ANTI- Cd9 L08115 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 3.5 +/− 0.3 4.1 +/− 0.1 GEN HEPATIC Lipc X58426 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 4.5 +/− 0.9 LIPASE SELECTIN, Selpl X91144 0 +/− 0 2.3 +/− 0.2 2.5 +/− 0.3 3.2 +/− 0.4 3.2 +/− 0.3 7.2 +/− 0.6 PLATELET (P- SELECTIN) LIGAND EPHRIN B1 Efnbl Z48781 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 1.6 +/− 0.1 0 +/− 0 5.9 +/− 1   3.4 +/− 1.2 Cytokines MONO. Scya7 S71251 4.1 +/− 0.7 9.3 +/− 1.7 5.7 +/− 2.3 8.1 +/− 2.2 6.6 +/− 1.5 0 +/− 0 CHEMO- TACTIC PROT.-3 SMALL Scya12 U50712 1.9 +/− 0.1 4.1 +/− 2.1 5.6 +/− 0.8 3.8 +/− 0.1 10.7 +/− 2   0 +/− 0 INDUCIB. CYTOKINE A12 SECRETED Sfrpl U88566 0 +/− 0 2.8 +/− 0.9 5.9 +/− 0.5 11.4 +/− 5.9  9.3 +/− 1.8 2.5 +/− 0.5 FRIZZLED- RELATED PROT. 1 SMALL Scyb9 M34815 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 3.4 +/− 0.5 5.2 +/− 0.4 3.6 +/− 0.6   7 +/− 7.7 INDUCIB. CYTOKINE B MEMBER 9 VASCULAR Vegftb U48800 0 +/− 0 −2.3 +/− 1    0 +/− 0 −9.6 +/− 9.3   −7.8 +/− 3.9   −2.7 +/− 0.4   ENDO- THELIAL GROWTH FACT. B SMALL Scya11 U40672 −4.1 +/− 2    −3.4 +/− 0.4   0 +/− 0 −1.5 +/− 0.3   −2.6 +/− 1    −2.4 +/− 0.5   INDUCIB. CYTOKINE A11 Extracellular Proteins LIPOCOR- Anxa1 M24554   2 +/− 0.5 2.4 +/− 0.2 2.7 +/− 0.6 3.8 +/− 0.6 4.5 +/− 0.8   5 +/− 0.2 TIN 1 SECRETED Sfrp4 AF117709 0 +/− 0 −1.3 +/− 0.1   0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 12.7 +/− 0.8  FRIZZLED- RELATED PROT. 4 SUPEROX. Sod3 D50856 0 +/− 0   4 +/− 1.1 3.8 +/− 0.1 3.6 +/− 1   4.4 +/− 0.8 0 +/− 0 DISMUTASE 3, EX- TRACELL. ANNEXIN Anxa4 U72941 0 +/− 0   1 +/− 1.8 2.1 +/− 0.2 2.9 +/− 0.4 3.8 +/− 0.9 4.2 +/− 0.1 A4 AMYLOID App U84012 0 +/− 0 1.8 +/− 0.2 1.6 +/− 0.2 2.5 +/− 0     4 +/− 0.6 2.7 +/− 0.4 BETA (A4) PRECUR. PROT. Intracellular Proteins PLASTIN Pls2 D37837 0 +/− 0 4.5 +/− 0.8 4.3 +/− 0.4 5.2 +/− 0.3 8.1 +/− 0.9 11.4 +/− 1.1  2, L CYSTEINE- Csrp2 AF037208 0 +/− 0 3.8 +/− 0.3 8.4 +/− 1.9 15.8 +/− 3.4  25.8 +/− 7.5  6.5 +/− 0.8 RICH PROT. 2 FGF Fgfrp U04204 0 +/− 0 3.7 +/− 0.7   4 +/− 0.9 5.7 +/− 1.4 5.6 +/− 0.7 5.9 +/− 0.8 REGULATED PROT. CARBONYL Cbr2 D26123 1.6 +/− 0.4 4.6 +/− 0.4 6.8 +/− 0.5 5.1 +/− 0.2 2.1 +/− 0.1 1.9 +/− 0.2 REDUCTASE 2 ENDO- Grp58 M73329 0 +/− 0 2.8 +/− 0.2 2.8 +/− 0.3 4.8 +/− 0.8   7 +/− 1.6 4.3 +/− 0.3 PLASMIC RETICULUM PROT. CYCLIN D1 Cyl-1 S78355 0 +/− 0 3.2 +/− 0.1 4.5 +/− 0.2 0 +/− 0 7.2 +/− 0.6 6.4 +/− 0.6 TRANS- Abcb2 U60019 0 +/− 0 1.8 +/− 0.4 4.2 +/− 0.2 3.7 +/− 0.9 4.9 +/− 0.2 5.3 +/− 2.9 PORTER 1, ATP BINDING CASSETTE 2′-5′ Oas1a X04958 1.8 +/− 0.2 2.8 +/− 0.6 4.3 +/− 0.7 5.8 +/− 1.2 5.1 +/− 0.4 3.7 +/− 0.5 OLIGOA- DENYLATE SYNTHE- TASE 1A CALCIUM S100a10 M16465 1.9 +/− 0.5 2.5 +/− 0.1 2.8 +/− 0.5 3.4 +/− 0.2 4.4 +/− 0.7 4.2 +/− 0.3 BIND. PROT. A11 (CAL- GIZZARIN) MYOSIN Myla M19436 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   8 +/− 2.5 5.5 +/− 1.1 LIGHT CHAIN, ALKALI, ATRIA RETINOL Rbp1 X60367 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 4.1 +/− 0.9 7.1 +/− 0.8 2.4 +/− 0.1 BINDING PROT. 1, CELLULAR CYCLIN A2 Ccha2 Z26580 0 +/− 0 3.1 +/− 0.5 3.6 +/− 0.7 4.8 +/− 0.3 5.7 +/− 0.3 1.9 +/− 0.2 PROCOLL- Plod1 AF046782 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 5.2 +/− 1.1 3.4 +/− 0.4 LYS., 2- OXOGLUT. 5-DIOXY- GEN. 1 GALACTO- B4galt1 J03880 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0   8 +/− 1.8 0 +/− 0 SYLTRANS- FERASE, POLYPEP. 1 RHO, GDP Arhgdib L07918 0 +/− 0   4 +/− 0.4 3.1 +/− 0.3 3.3 +/− 0.5 4.4 +/− 0.3 3.8 +/− 1.2 DISSOCIA- TION INHIB. BETA STEROL O- Soat1 L42293 0 +/− 0 2.5 +/− 0.6 2.2 +/− 0.2 3.6 +/− 0.2 5.4 +/− 0.9 2.9 +/− 0.7 ACYL- TRANS- FERASE 1 CYCLIN D2 Ccnd2 M83749 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 4.2 +/− 0.1 3.7 +/− 0.1 RAT PRO- Psmb9 S59862 0 +/− 0 2.8 +/− 0.5 3.3 +/− 0.4 5.5 +/− 0.9 0 +/− 0 3.8 +/− 4.1 TEASOME HOMOLOG LYMPHO- Lcp2 U20159 0 +/− 0 2.4 +/− 0.4 2.5 +/− 0.3 3.1 +/− 0.7 3.2 +/− 0.6 4.8 +/− 0.2 CYTE CYTOSOLIC PROT. 2 TRANS- Abcb3 U60087 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 4.7 +/− 2.1 PORTER 2, ATP BINDING CASSETTE CAPPING Capg X54511 0 +/− 0 2.6 +/− 0.2 2.6 +/− 0.4   3 +/− 0.1 3.8 +/− 0.4 4.7 +/− 1   PROT., GELSOLIN- LIKE CYCLIN Ccnb1-rs1 X58708  0+/−0   2.4 +/− 0.2 3.1 +/− 0.2 3.9 +/− 0.4 4.1 +/− 0.1 1.7 +/− 0.2 B1, RELATED SEQ. 1 CYCLIN B2 Ccnb2 X66032 0 +/− 0 3.6 +/− 0.5 2.7 +/− 0.6 4.4 +/− 0.7 2.9 +/− 0.2 2.2 +/− 0.4 HISTONE Hdac1 X98207 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 3.2 +/− 0.2 0 +/− 0 7.3 +/− 0.7 3.2 +/− 0.3 DEACETYL- ASE 1 Proteases MATRIX Mmp23 AF085742 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 11.2 +/− 1   39.9 +/− 3   15.7 +/− 0.6  METALLO- PROT. 23 CASPASE 6 Casp6 Y13087 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 2.8 +/− 1.3 4.9 +/− 2.1 7.6 +/− 1.6 7.7 +/− 0.9 CATHEPSIN Ctsh U06119 0 +/− 0 2.1 +/− 0.4 2.3 +/− 0.2 3.6 +/− 0.2 5.8 +/− 0.8 4.4 +/− 0.6 H CATHEPSIN Ctss AF03854 1.8 +/− 0.3 2.8 +/− 0.5 3.2 +/− 0.4 4 +/− 0 3.8 +/− 0.5 5.4 +/− 1   S PROTEO- Psmb8 U22032 0 +/− 0 2.9 +/− 0.4 3.5 +/− 0.2 3.7 +/− 0.6 3.4 +/− 0.3 6.3 +/− 4.3 SOME SUBUNIT, BETA TYPE 8 SERINE Serpine2 X70296 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 3.4 +/− 0.3 8.9 +/− 1.2 PROTEASE INHIB. 4 Receptors IL-2 II2rg L20048 0 +/− 0 3.9 +/− 0.7 4.7 +/− 0.2 5.6 +/− 0.5 7.9 +/− 0.8 5.3 +/− 0.9 RECEPT., GAMMA CHAIN CYTOKINE Crlf1 AB04003I  3 +/− 1.1 7.6 +/− 1   7.2 +/− 2.9 14.7 +/− 6.4  8.8 +/− 4   2.1 +/− 0.5 RECEPT.- LIKE FACT. 1 FC Fcgr1 X70980 2.7 +/− 0.5 7.6 +/− 2.7 7.3 +/− 0.6 6.7 +/− 1.2 4.8 +/− 1.1 0 +/− 0 RECEPT., IGG, HIGH AFFINITY 1 PTP, Ptprc M14342 2.5 +/− 0.5 3.4 +/− 0.4 4.3 +/− 1.7 5.2 +/− 0.9 3.3 +/− 0.8 6.8 +/− 0.8 RECEPT. TYPE, C CHEMOKINE Cmkbr2 U51717 2.9 +/− 1   6.1 +/− 0.8 5.1 +/− 1.3 4.2 +/− 0.4 3.4 +/− 0.6 3.6 +/− 0.4 (C-C) RECEPT. 2 TNF Tnfrsf1a L26349 1.4 +/− 0.3 2.7 +/− 0.2 1.9 +/− 0   2.8 +/− 0.1 4.1 +/− 0.2   4 +/− 0.1 RECEPT. SUPER- FAMILY, MEMBER 1A CHEMOKINE Cmkbr1 U29678 3.4 +/− 1.6 4.9 +/− 1   2.4 +/− 0.7 2.8 +/− 0.2 1.9 +/− 0.2 13.3 +/− 0.6  (C-C) RECEPT. 1 PDGF Pdgfrb X04367 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 4.6 +/− 1.5 4.8 +/− 1   RECEPT., BETA POLY- PEPTIDE PTP. Ptprs X82288 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 4.1 +/− 0.7 5.4 +/− 0.5 RECEPT. TYPE, S FRIZZLED- Fzd1 AF054623 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 5 +/− 1 1.4 +/− 0.4 1 ANGIO- Agtrl1 AJ007612 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 4.2 +/− 0.6 2.9 +/− 0.1 TENSIN RECEPT.- LIKE 1 LEUKEMIA Lifr D17444 0 +/− 0 1.2 +/− 0.1 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 3.2 +/− 0.3 9.9 +/− 1.3 INHIB. Y FACT. RECEPT. FC Fcgr3 M14215 0 +/− 0 3.6 +/− 0.4 3.4 +/− 0.3 3.6 +/− 0   4.2 +/− 0.4 0 +/− 0 RECEPT., IGG, LOW AFFINITY III PTP. Ptpra M36033 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 2.9 +/− 0.1 3.9 +/− 0.7   4 +/− 0.4 RECEPT. TYPE, A CHEMOKINE Cmkbr5 U47036 2.7 +/− 1   4.8 +/− 1.9 2.6 +/− 0.1 3.5 +/− 0.2 3.2 +/− 0.2 1.5 +/− 0.2 (C-C) RECEPT. 5 EPH Epha2 X76010 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 5.1 +/− 0.9   3 +/− 0.2 RECEPT. A2 EPH Ephb3 Z49086 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 2.5 +/− 1   7.1 +/− 1.5 2.9 +/− 0.2 RECEPT. B3 RETINOID Rxrg X66225 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 −4.2 +/− 3.1   −4.5 +/− 0.4   −4.6 +/− 2.5   X RECEPT. GAMMA Signal Transduction APLYSIA Arhc X80638 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 3.5 +/− 0.4 5.7 +/− 0.3   7 +/− 0.8 7.6 +/− 0.2 RAS- RELATED HOMOLOG 9 FYN Fyn M27266 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 1.5 +/− 0.4 2.2 +/− 0.1 4.2 +/− 0.5 4.4 +/− 0.7 PROTO- ONCOGENE RAS P21 Rasa3 U20238 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 4.4 +/− 0.4 4.7 +/− 0.5 PROT. ACT. 3 DOWN- Dok1 U78818 0 +/− 0 1.7 +/− 0.5 2.7 +/− 1.1 4.5 +/− 1.4 5.4 +/− 1.5 3.3 +/− 0.1 STREAM OF TYROSINE KINASE 1 MITOGEN- Map4k4 U88984 0 +/− 0   2 +/− 0.3 2.6 +/− 0.3 3.1 +/− 0.1 5.2 +/− 0.5 4.9 +/− 0.7 ACTIVATED PROT. (KINASE)4 VAV Vav X64361 0 +/− 0 4.3 +/− 0.4 3.2 +/− 0.2   4 +/− 0.4 2.3 +/− 0.2 0 +/− 0 ONCOGENE HEMATO. Hcls1 X84797 2.7 +/− 1.3 5.6 +/− 1.5 4.2 +/− 1.3 3.2 +/− 0.6   4 +/− 0.9 3.1 +/− 0.5 CELL SPECIFIC LYN SUBSTR. 1 REGULATOR Rgs2 AF215668 0 +/− 0 1.5 +/− 0.4 2.9 +/− 0.9 3.2 +/− 0.2 2.8 +/− 0.6 5.6 +/− 0.7 OF G- PROT. SIG. 2 ANNEXIN Anxa8 AJ002390 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 8.3 +/− 1.6 3.8 +/− 0.2 A8 CYCLIN- Cdk4 L01640 0 +/− 0 2.4 +/− 0.2 2.5 +/− 0   3.4 +/− 0.7 5.2 +/− 0.7 3.5 +/− 0.1 DEPENDENT KINASE 4 INOSITOL Inpp5d U52044 0 +/− 0 1.9 +/− 0.3 1.9 +/− 0.5 0 +/− 0 3.7 +/− 0.8 4.3 +/− 0.4 POLY- PHOS.- 5-PHOS- PHATASE CYTO. Cish3 U88328 0 +/− 0 3.6 +/− 0.7 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 5.6 +/− 1.5 1.8 +/− 0.2 INDUCIB. SH2-CON- TAINING PROT. 3 FELINE Fes X12616 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 7 +/− 1 0 +/− 0 SARCOMA ONCOGENE PTP. NON- Ptpn12 X86781 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 3.2 +/− 1.1 4.9 +/− 0.5 RECEPT. TYPE 12 APLYSIA Arhb X99963 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 3.5 +/− 0.5   4 +/− 0.4 RAS- RELATED HOMOLOG B Structural Proteins TROPONIN Tnnt2 L47570 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 −1.3 +/− 0.1     4 +/− 2.7 12.4 +/− 5.2  3.4 +/− 1.6 T2, CARDIAC NESTIN Nes AF076623 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 6.1 +/− 1.2 0 +/− 0 CORONIN, Coro1a AF143955 1.8 +/− 0.4 4.1 +/− 0.8 2.9 +/− 0   3.3 +/− 0.4 3.3 +/− 0.1 3.7 +/− 1.1 ACTIN BINDING PROT. 1A MYOSIN Myhca M76601 0 +/− 0 −3.9 +/− 3.9   0 +/− 0 −9.1 +/− 9.4   −8.9 +/− 6.3   −6.6 +/− 6    HEAVY CHAIN, CARDIAC MUSCLE Transcription Factors MYOGENIN Myog D90156 0 +/− 0 6.9 +/− 5.1 6.6 +/− 2.8 17.2 +/− 13.6 15.8 +/− 10.6 0 +/− 0 MYOGENIC Myod1 M84918 6.4 +/− 0.9 7.5 +/− 3.1 5.3 +/− 3.6 0 +/− 0   8 +/− 3.7 0 +/− 0 DIFFEREN. 1 SFFV Sfpi1 X17463 0 +/− 0 2.1 +/− 0.6 4.2 +/− 0   2.8 +/− 0.3 4.4 +/− 1   8 +/− 1 PROVIRAL INTEGRA- TION 1 ELK3, ETS Elk3 Z32815 0 +/− 0 2.4 +/− 0.3 2.7 +/− 0.5 0 +/− 0 6.4 +/− 0.5 4.6 +/− 0.5 ONCOGENE FAMILY INS-1 Foxm1 U83112 1.6 +/− 0.5 2.6 +/− 0.5 0 +/− 0 2.4 +/− 0.4 3.1 +/− 0.3 4.4 +/− 1.8 WINGED HELIX INTERFER- Irf1 M21065 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 5.4 +/− 2.4 ON REG. FACT. 1 T-CELL Tal1 U01530 4.1 +/− 1.7 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 ACUTE LYMPHO- CYTIC LEUKEMIA 1 PEROX. Pparg U09138 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 3.3 +/− 0.4 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 4.9 +/− 0.4 PROLIF. ACTIV. RECEPT. GAMMA NFKB Nfkbia U36277 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 0 +/− 0 4.3 +/− 0.4 INHIB., ALPHA *Genes were assigned to this table after three searches of the PubMed database. The first search looked for papers in which the gene name OR an MGI alias were used in the title. The second search looked for all papers in which the following terms were used in the title: cartilage OR bone OR chondrogenesis OR osteogenesis OR BMP OR endochondral OR fracture OR osteoblast OR osteoclast. The third search looked forthe intersection of searches 1 AND 2. If no records were returned in the third search, then it was determined that there is no explicit association between the gene and bone or cartilage metabolism.

TABLE 7 A correlative analysis of genes having expression profiles similar to selected marker genes. Similar to Similar to Similar to Similar to Cyr61 Col2a1 Runx2 Ctsk Genes from Table 5 Scya8 Comp Pcolce Tcirg1 Cspg2 Crtl1 Col5a1 Itgb3 Cyr61 Col14a1 Lum Ctsk Cdc2a Col9a1 Nfatc1 Sdf1 Agc Apoe Spp1 Pdgfa Ptprd Bglap-rs1 Mdk Runx2 Bglap1 Col2a1 Cdh11 Ckb Fgfr2 Spp1 Car2 Slugh Col5a2 Bmp8a Sfrp3 Bmp1 Tgfbr2 Tnfrsf11b Csf3r TPAR1 col8a1 Tgfbr2 Gja1 Pthr Itgav Mmp13 moucol9a3 Sdc1 Mmp9 Col10a1 Bgn Col9a2 Gja1 Vcam1 Genes from Table 6 Myog Fzd1 Pls2 Fap Sfrp1 Nes Cd9 Sfrp4 Oas1a Anxa8 Irf1 Lifr Ccna2 Epha2 Fyn Lipc Scyb9 Serpine2 Ccnd2 Rasa3 Abcb3 Pdgfrb Ptpn12 Arhb Fap Casp6 

1. A method for assessing the efficacy of a treatment for a disease associated with bone or cartilage metabolism in a subject comprising the steps of: determining the level of expression of a polynucleotide comprising the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 in a biological sample or samples from the subject at a time point after initiation of treatment; and comparing the level of expression of the polynucleotide in the biological sample with a corresponding reference level of expression of the polynucleotide, wherein an increased similarity between the level of expression of the polynucleotide in the biological sample and the reference level of expression of the polynucleotide indicates that the treatment for the disease is efficacious.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the disease is associated with bone or cartilage formation.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the disease is associated with bone or cartilage resorption.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the treatment comprises administration of a polynucleotide comprising the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5 and/or a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:6.
 5. A method for monitoring a treatment for a disease associated with bone or cartilage metabolism in a subject comprising the steps of: determining the level of expression of a polynucleotide comprising the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 in a biological sample or samples from the subject at a time point or points after initiation of treatment; and comparing the level of expression of the polynucleotide in the biological sample with a corresponding reference level of expression of the polynucleotide, wherein an increased similarity between the level of expression of the polynucleotide in the biological sample or samples and the reference level of expression of the polynucleotide indicates that the treatment is improving or continuing to improve the disease associated with bone or cartilage metabolism in the subject.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the disease is associated with bone or cartilage formation.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the disease is associated with bone or cartilage resorption.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the treatment comprises administration of a polynucleotide comprising the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5 and/or a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:6. 